Dorothy Kuya was born in Toxteth, Liverpool,^[5] on 16 March 1933; her father was a black man from Sierra Leone and her mother was a white British woman and native "Liverpudlian".^[3][6] Her father disappeared and her mother remarried a young Nigerian man whom Dorothy regarded as her father and took his second name, Kuya.^[6] Dorothy grew up in Liverpool 8, a working-class area, which was one of the oldest black communities in Britain.^[6] The Kuya family and their neighbours suffered heavy racial discrimination and the worst housing and unemployment levels in the city.^[6] When remembering her childhood, Dorothy Kuya recalled: "You'd be hard pressed to find a Black face in Liverpool city centre only twenty minutes away by foot."^[6] Despite the overwhelming poverty, the community was very close-knit and home to many active social clubs that reflected the cultural diversity of its resident.^[6]

The poverty, racism and unemployment that Kuya experienced growing up in Liverpool inspired her to become a communist. She attended her first meeting of the Young Communist League (YCL) at 13 years old,^[7] going on to join the League and its parent party the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) in the 1940s.^[6] She became an active member, selling the Daily Worker on Liverpool streets and addressing communist meetings as a speaker.^[6] One of her proudest memories of her activism as a young YCL and CPGB member was greeting American civil rights leader Paul Robeson with a bouquet of flowers during his tour of Britain in 1949.^[6] Working with the CPGB also brought her into contact with Pablo Picasso, who was a frequent guest of British communists.^[3]

In her professional life, Kuya trained to become a nurse and then a teacher.^[3][6] She moved to London to start teaching in a north London school, and she joined her local branch of the CPGB.^[8] During her time as a London teacher, Kuya met fellow communist teacher Bridget Harriss, and the two of them co-founded the organisation Teachers Against Racism. Kuya also became friends with another communist activist called Ken Forge, who like Kuya had joined the CPGB communist party after experiencing anti-black racism in Britain.^[8] With Kuya's help, Forge was able to establish the first Black Studies course in a south London comprehensive school.^[8] Kuya also became a friend of American black rights activist Vinie Burrows.

Kuya became heavily involved with an influential academic journal called Dragon's Teeth, which published research investigating racism and sexism within British children's books, and also suggested alternatives.^[8] In connection with this journal, she established the Racism Awareness Unit, with financial support from the Greater London Council.^[8] Kuya was also an active member of the National Assembly of Women (NAW), ensuring that anti-racist activism stayed at the forefront of their campaigns, and was eventually elected their general secretary.^[8] Kuya's contributions to the study of British racism were included within the communist publication Black and Blue: Racism and the Police State.^[8] During the 1980s, Kuya became the Head of Race Equality for Haringey Council, and worked closely with Labour Party MP Bernie Grant.^[8]

During the mid-1980s, Kuya became the chair of Ujima, a London housing association, and in that role she helped steer the organisation into becoming the largest black-led social enterprise in Europe.^[3]

Return to Liverpool edit

Kuya returned to living in Liverpool, where she bought a house in Liverpool 8, the same community where she was raised.^[8] She created and directed the Liverpool Slavery History Trail tours, which sought to uncover hidden-histories in the city.^[3] During this time, Kuya dedicated herself to anti-racist activism and pushed for the creation of a slavery museum in Liverpool, a city that had been heavily involved in the transatlantic slave trade.^[8][9] Her campaign was successful, and she played a key role in the development of Liverpool's International Slavery Museum,^[10] which opened in August 2007.^[3] According to her biographers, Kuya was "overjoyed when the Slavery Museum opened" and labelled the museum itself as a "tribute to her vision and determination".^[8] She also advocated for the observation of a Slavery Remembrance Day, first held in 1999 and since then held annually on 23 August.^[11]

Kuya died on 23 December 2013.^[2][3]

Since her death, she has been universally recognised as one of Liverpool's most influential activists, and one of the most highly accomplished anti-racist campaigners in the UK.

The Communist Party of Britain, the successor to the original Communist Party of Great Britain, considers Dorothy Kuya as "one of the Communist Party's most important Black members from the 1940s to the 1980s".^[12]

Journalist Louis Julienne described Kuya as a "great daughter of Liverpool" and "a tireless campaigner against discrimination and racism."^[13]

In 2022, the International Slavery Museum in Liverpool published an animated video describing Dorothy Kuya's life and praising her work.^[14]

Annual memorial lectures edit

To honour her, National Museums Liverpool renamed their annual "Slavery Remembrance Day Memorial Lecture" as the "Dorothy Kuya Slavery Remembrance Memorial Lecture Series".^[4][11][15] In 2015, Nelson Mandela's grandson was scheduled to give a speech at the annual lectures; however, he called off his visit citing family reasons.^[16] Other lecturers in the series have included:

• 2016: Black British activist, author and musician Akala, on the Haitian Revolution^[17]
• 2019: writer, photographer and broadcaster Johny Pitts^[18]
• 2020: community and human rights campaigner Zita Holbourne^[19] and British academic specialising in slavery Stephen A. Small^[20][21]
• 2023: historian Hakim Adi, on combatting racism through transformative education^[22]

Liverpool University residential hall edit

In 2021, a residence hall belonging to the University of Liverpool, which was formerly known as "Gladstone Hall", was renamed after Dorothy Kuya.^[11][23] Gladstone Hall was originally named after former UK Prime Minister William Gladstone whose family became rich through the slave trade. More than 4,465 students of the University of Liverpool voted on a historical figure they believed would be a suitable replacement,^[24] and the winner of the vote was Dorothy Kuya.^[25][26] The University of Liverpool described Kuya as a "tireless campaigner for racial equality".^[1] The university also promised in April 2021 that they would soon erect a memorial plaque to Dorothy Kuya before the new academic year.^[1]

The Dorothy Kuya Creative Archives Project edit

In 2023, it was announced that National Museums Liverpool had commissioned the community organisation Writing on the Wall to develop a Creative Heritage Programme working with Kuya's archives.^[27]

• Charlie Hutchison
• Claudia Jones
• Trevor Carter
• Peter Blackman
• George Powe
• Len Johnson
• Winston Pinder
• Cleston Taylor