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East Africa Command

Summary

East Africa Command was a Command of the British Army. Until 1947 it was under the direct control of the Army Council and thereafter it became the responsibility of Middle East Command. It was disbanded on 11 December 1963, the day before Kenya became independent, and replaced by British Land Forces Kenya, tasked with withdrawing all remaining British troops. All remaining troops left by December 1964 and British Land Forces Kenya was disestablished.

East Africa Command
Formation Sign
Active1940–1963
Country United Kingdom
Branch British Army
TypeCommand
Part ofMiddle East Land Forces (1947–1963)
Garrison/HQNairobi

1930s edit

In the late 1930s the British King's African Rifles (KAR) in East Africa were expanded. Beyond the existing infantry units, a large number of ancillary units and subunits were established in 1939.[1]

Second World War edit

Playfair et al write that on the outbreak of war with Italy [10 June 1940], Major-General Douglas Dickinson, Inspector-General of the African Colonial Forces, was appointed General Officer Commanding East Africa Force. It comprised "..two East African brigades [former Northern and Southern Brigades, mostly made up of the KAR[2]], an East African reconnaissance regiment and a light battery, and the 22nd Mountain Battery R.A. from India. The task given to him by General Wavell [Commander-in-Chief, Middle East] was to defend Kenya and without compromising that defence to contain as many Italians as possible on his front."[3] Skirmishes with the Italians began on the northern border of Kenya Colony at Moyale by June 1940; the East African Campaign (World War II) was underway.[4]

Dickinson's force drew troops from Kenya, Tanganyika, Nyasaland (British Central Africa), Northern Rhodesia, and Southern Rhodesia, and reinforcements began to arrive from South Africa and the Royal West African Frontier Force in West Africa.[5] With some of the West African reinforcements, two weak divisions were created on 19 July. The 1st (African) Division, with the Nigerian and 1st East African Brigade Groups [Kenya/Uganda KAR], took over the coastal and Tana sector of the defences. The 2nd (African) Division made up of the Gold Coast and 2nd East African [Tanganyika KAR] Brigade Groups, became responsible for the northern border of Kenya Colony facing Ethiopia.[3][6]

East African Force was upgraded in status to a Command in September 1941 under General Sir William Platt, covering North East Africa, East Africa and British Central Africa.[7] Until 1944 it directed the British Military Mission to Ethiopia.[8] A team from 68 Supply Depot, East Africa Army Service Corps, Mombasa, won the Middle East Land Forces East Africa Command and Mombasa Area Challenge Shields Messing and Cookery Competition in 1949.[9]

Post war edit

Between 1947 and 1950 Mackinnon Road was the site of a large British engineering and Ordnance Depot designed to hold 200,000 tons of military stores.[10] The British had anticipated the loss of military bases in Egypt due to a rise in nationalism there and needed to stockpile the stores that had been located in the Suez Canal Zone. The plan was abandoned and the base became a detention camp for Mau Mau suspects until 1955.[11]

Soon after the arrival of the Lancashire Fusiliers (and Sir Evelyn Baring at the same time), the command was reorganized, losing responsibility for some units. The newly created Central African Federation was assuming responsibility for KAR units in Northern Rhodesian and Nyasaland.[12]

The command established its own intelligence network during the Mau Mau Uprising in 1952.[13] During the repression of the Mau Mau the command controlled the 39th Infantry Brigade, 49th Infantry Brigade[14] and the 70th (East African) Infantry Brigade.[15] In February 1953, 39 Brigade was warned to be ready to go to Kenya.[16] At a strength of two battalions, 1st Buffs being joined by 1st Battalion, The Devonshire Regiment, it arrived in April 1953 and was soon deployed in the Rift Valley, commanded by Brigadier J.W. Tweedie. After over a year of operations, the Buffs and Devons were withdrawn and relieved in December 1954 and January 1955, respectively. Reliefs were 1st Battalion King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry and 1st Battalion The Rifle Brigade. 39th Infantry Brigade left Kenya in 1956 for Northern Ireland.[17] On arrival in Kenya 49 Brigade took under command the White-raised territorial Kenya Regiment.[18]

Units in Kenya from 1952-56 included the Battle School, Tracker School, Kenya Regiment Training Centre and Heavy Battery.[19] Police organisations listed included the Kenya Police, Kenya Police Reserve, Kenya Police Reserve Air Wing, Auxiliary Forces, Dobie Force (disbanded) and General Service Units. KAR battalions listed included 3 KAR (Kenya), 4 KAR (Uganda), 5 KAR (Kenya), 6 and 26 KAR (Tanganiyka, though later 26 KAR was only two companies strong[20]), and 7 & 23 KARs (Kenya).[21] Significant brutality and torture were used by the security forces.[22]

There were a total of eleven British infantry battalions (including the 1st Battalion, the Lancashire Fusiliers and 1 RHR), 39 Corps Engineer Regiment RE, 73 Indian Field Engineer Squadron RE, Road building Section RE, Royal Army Veterinary Corps Tracker Dogs, RAMC Unit Hospital Nairobi, Nyeri, Nanyuki, together with No. 1340 Flight RAF (North American Harvards).[23]

The 24th Infantry Brigade maintained a common intelligence system across East Africa until October 1964 when it was withdrawn and moved to Aden.[24]

British Land Forces Kenya edit

East Africa Command was disbanded, seemingly on 11 December 1963, the day before Kenyan independence, and replaced by British Land Forces Kenya the next day.[25] Keesing's Contemporary Archives wrote that continued unrest in the north-east region of Kenya in late 1963 prompted President Kenyatta to

..call an urgent Cabinet meeting, also attended by Major-General Ian Freeland (G.O.C., British Land Forces, Kenya) and Mr. Richard Catling (Inspector-General of Police), at Gatundu on Dec. 25, 1963. After the meeting the Government proclaimed a state of emergency throughout the Region and set up a five-mile-deep prohibited zone along the Kenya-Somalia border, excluding the settlements of Mandera and El Wak.[26]

The 70th (East African) Brigade became the basis for the independent Kenya Army.[27] Three King's African Rifles battalions, three attached training companies, a brigade headquarters, 1 Signal Squadron, 91 General Transport Company, workshops, and a variety of other Combat service support units were handed over to the new Kenya Army during the process of independence for Kenya in December 1963 and January 1964.[28][29]

24th Infantry Brigade was involved in the British response to indigenous army mutinies which sprang up in Zanzibar, Tanzania, in the Uganda Army and Kenya itself from January 1964. The Zanzibar Revolution broke out on 12 January 1964. A week later, two battalions of the Tanganyika Rifles mutinied on 19-20 January 1964. When the Tanganyikan soldiers rose, 2nd Battalion Scots Guards, part of 24th Infantry Brigade, was in Aden for training. Back in Kenya three units of 24th Infantry Brigade were on varying degrees of alert: 1st Battalion, the Staffordshire Regiment at Kahawa with a company afloat aboard the frigate HMS Rhyl standing by near Zanzibar;[30] 3rd Regiment Royal Horse Artillery at Alanbrooke Barracks at Gilgil and 1st Battalion Gordon Highlanders, though the Gordons' advance party had already returned to Edinburgh. 2nd Scots Guards was quickly returned to Kahawa. After the Uganda Army mutiny on 23 January 1964, 1st Battalion, Staffordshire Regiment, with an attached company of the Scots Guards, was quickly dispatched to Jinja.[31]

Timothy Parsons wrote,

...military authorities in Kenya took [the 1964 mutinies in Tanganyika and Uganda] very seriously and quickly developed plans to deal with a similar incident. .. As a result, [Major General Ian Freeland] had considerably more resources at his disposal to prevent and contain potential problems in the Kenyan soldiery. Once Lieutenant Colonel Mans gave [HQ East Africa Command] a careful account of how trouble had broken out in the Tanganyika Rifles, Freeland ordered the Kenyan Special Branch to step up its surveillance of key army units.[32]

This did not prevent trouble breaking out on 24 January 1964 within 11 Kenya Rifles at Lanet Barracks near Nakuru. The uprising was quickly repressed and courts-martial ordered; 11 Kenya Rifles was eventually disbanded.[33]

The Gordon Highlanders appears to have finished their return home to Edinburgh in January 1964. 3 Regiment Royal Horse Artillery left Gilgil in September 1964.[34] Headquarters 24th Infantry Brigade left for Aden in October 1964. The last British unit to depart Kenya was 1st Battalion, Staffordshire Regiment, on 10 December 1964.[35] British Land Forces Kenya ceased to exist on 12 December 1964, and all British Army forces, apart from "a small administrative rear element" left the country.[36] Anti-"Shifta" (anti-pro-independence Northern Frontier District Somali partisans) operations continued, but now under Kenya Army control.[36] In Major General William Dimoline's papers at King's College London there is a typescript report from Brigadier M J D'A. Blackman on the closing down of British Land Forces Kenya, circa May 1965.[37]

Commanders-in-Chief edit

 
Lieutenant General Sir George Erskine, Commander-in-Chief, East Africa Command (centre), observing operations against the Mau Mau.

Commanders-in-Chief included:[38][39]
GOC East Africa Force

GOC East Africa Command

GOC British Land Forces Kenya

  • 12 December 1963 - 28 November 1964 Major General Ian Freeland.[25][41]

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ J. A. Warner, "Recruitment and service in the King's African Rifles in the Second World War," Master of Letters dissertation, University of Bristol, October 1985, 34-35, via https://research-information.bristol.ac.uk
  2. ^ "British, Colonial, and Dominion Armies". Leo Niehorster. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  3. ^ a b c Playfair et al. 2004, p. 180.
  4. ^ Stewart, Andrew. "Forgotten Fights: The Battle of Amba Alagi 1941". National World War II Museum New Orleans. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  5. ^ Playfair et al. 2004, pp. 180–181.
  6. ^ Andrew Mollo, The Armed Forces of World War II, 133.
  7. ^ The British Empire and the Second World War By Ashley Jackson, Page 175 Hambledon Continuum, 2006, ISBN 978-1-85285-417-1
  8. ^ Spencer, John (2006). Ethiopia at Bay: A Personal Account of the Haile Sellassie Years. Reference Publications. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-917256-25-7.
  9. ^ 68 Supply Depot, East Africa Army Service Corps (EAASC) Mombasa. 1949.
  10. ^ Page 2011, p. 222.
  11. ^ Africa Digest, Volume 4, 1956, by Africa Bureau (London, England) ISSN 0001-9798
  12. ^ Page 2011.
  13. ^ Obituary: Lt Col Ian Field Daily Telegraph, 14 December 2009
  14. ^ Warner, Philip (January 1989). The Vital Link: The Story of Royal Signals 1945-1985. Pen and Sword. pp. 133=137.
  15. ^ United Kingdom: Kenya Insurgency 1952–1956 Units and Operations Archived 2013-10-04 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ Blaxland 1971.
  17. ^ Faligot, Roger (1983). Britain's Military Strategy in Ireland: The Kitson Experiment. Zed Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0863220326. In 1956, he held a senior position in 39th Infantry Brigade in Northern Ireland
  18. ^ Warner, 134.
  19. ^ Campbell 1986, p. 172-175.
  20. ^ Parsons 2003, p. 82.
  21. ^ Percox 2004, p. 90.
  22. ^ Bennett, Huw. "Soldiers in the court room: the British Army's part in the Kenya Emergency under the legal spotlight." The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 39, no. 5 (2011): 717-730; Anderson, David M. "British abuse and torture in Kenya's counter-insurgency, 1952–1960." Small Wars & Insurgencies 23, no. 4-5 (2012): 700-719.
  23. ^ Chappell, Steve (2011). "Airpower in the Mau Mau Conflict: The Government's chief weapon" (PDF). Air Power Review. Spring 2011. 14 (1). Royal Air Force: Centre for Air Power Studies: 87. ISSN 1463-6298. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2011.
  24. ^ "Badge, formation, 24th Independent Guards Brigade Group & 24th Infantry Brigade & 5th Field Force & 24th Airmobile Brigade". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  25. ^ a b "British Army Officers 1939-1945, FAIR to FUTC". Retrieved 2022-02-11.
  26. ^ Keesing's 1964.
  27. ^ Obituary: Maj-Gen Dick Gerrard-Wright The Telegraph, 12 July 2012
  28. ^ Mwangi, Wanjiku & Kimwele 2019, pp. 8–9.
  29. ^ Mwangi, Wanjiku, Kimwele (eds) reproduce Kenya Military Forces (Naming of Units) Order 1964.
  30. ^ Speller 2007, p. 9.
  31. ^ Naylor 1995.
  32. ^ Parsons 2003, p. 118.
  33. ^ Parsons, Timothy (2007). "The Lanet Incident, 2–25 January 1964: Military Unrest and National Amnesia in Kenya" (PDF). International Journal of African Historical studies. p. 65.
  34. ^ "3rd Regiment Royal Horse Artillery". British Army Units 1945 on. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  35. ^ Mwangi, Wanjiku & Kimwele 2019, p. 7.
  36. ^ a b Brigadier M. J. D'A. Blackman (1965). "Closure of a Command". RUSI Journal. 110 (640): 321.
  37. ^ "Dimoline, Major General William Alfred (1897-1965): Papers". King's College London.
  38. ^ Whitaker's Almanacks 1941 - 1964
  39. ^ "Army Commands" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 5, 2015.
  40. ^ "No. 43173". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 November 1963. p. 9901.
  41. ^ "No. 43598". The London Gazette (Supplement). 12 March 1965. p. 2619. The Gazette gives Freeland's handover date as 28 November 1964. Freeland was not knighted until 1968.

References edit

  • Bennett, Huw (September 2010). "Minimum Force in British Counterinsurgency". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 21 (3): 459–475. doi:10.1080/09592318.2010.505475. S2CID 145055741.
  • Brigadier M. J. D'A. Blackman (November 1965). "Closure of a Command". RUSI Journal. 110 (640).
  • Blaxland, Gregory (1971). The Regiments Depart: A History of the British Army 1947–70. London: William Kimber.
  • Campbell, Guy (1986). The Charging Buffalo: A History of the Kenya Regiment 1937–1963. London: Leo Cooper. ISBN 0-436-08290-X.
  • "April 1964 - Border Incidents, State of Emergency in Kenya North-Eastern Region, - Regional Elections" (PDF). Keesing's Record of World Events. 10. Keesing's Worldwide, LLC. April 1964.
  • Khalif, Zeinabu Kabale; Oba, Gufu (2013). "'Gaafa dhaabaa - the period of stop': Narrating impacts of shifta insurgency on pastoral economy in northern Kenya, c. 1963 to 2007" (PDF). Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice. 3: 16. doi:10.1186/2041-7136-3-14. S2CID 53391670. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  • Mwangi, Jonah; Wanjiku, Esther; Kimwele, Muthusi, eds. (2019). The Soldier's Legacy: The Kenya Army at 55: A Steadfast Shield from 1963 into Posterity. Woodlands Road, Nairobi: Kenya Army. ISBN 978-9966-804-32-7.
  • Page, Malcolm (2011). A History of the King's African Rifles and East African forces. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-0-85052-538-0.
  • Moyse-Bartlett, Hubert (2012) [1st. pub. c.1956]. The King's African Rifles: A Study in the Military History of East and Central Africa 1890-1945. Vol. II. Luton: Andrews UK Limited. ISBN 9781781506639.
  • Naylor, Murray (1995). Among Friends: The Scots Guards, 1956–1993. Pen and Sword. (Via Google Books.)
  • Parsons, Timothy (2003). The 1964 Army Mutinies and the Making of Modern East Africa.
  • Percox, David A. (2004). Britain, Kenya and the cold war: imperial defence, colonial security and decolonisation. Volume 13 of International library of African studies. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-460-3. Additional ISBN 978-1-85043-460-3.
  • Playfair, I.S.O.; Stitt, G.M.S.; Molony, C.J.C. & Toomer, S.E. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1954]. Butler, J.R.M (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume I The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-065-3.
  • Speller, Ian (2007), "An African Cuba? Britain and the Zanzibar Revolution, 1964" (PDF), Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 35 (2): 1–35, doi:10.1080/03086530701337666, S2CID 159656717.

External links edit

  • British Military History - East Africa 1940 - 47
  • British Military History - East Africa 1940–47 - East Africa Command History & Personnel
  • https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/1963-12-11/debates/1f01d1d1-1c30-4a8f-b068-7d4ff8fb9c64/BritishForcesInKenya - Hansard answer on withdrawal of British forces from Kenya, 11 December 1963
  • Cliff Lord, Military Signalling in East Africa
  • The National Archives, WO 276: East Africa Command : Papers
  • East Africa Forces Radio Times - Xmas and New Year Programmes 1954

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