The Scottish Gaelic language has been in decline since the fourteenth century, when its speakers were a majority of Scotland's population, due to the higher prestige of Scots, then later of English. The East Sutherland dialect was spoken in coastal villages by fisherfolk descended from Gaelic speakers who had been evicted from the fertile interior valleys of Sutherland during the Highland Clearances of the early nineteenth century.^[1][2] Because of their occupational, social, and geographical isolation, the fisherfolk retained the use of the Gaelic language about half a century longer than surrounding communities, in the process becoming isolated from other dialects of Gaelic.^[3] East Sutherland speakers could only understand other dialects of Gaelic with difficulty, if at all.^[4] By the turn of the twentieth century, Gaelic was still the community language; there were even a few monolingual speakers.^[5] Although the decline of the fishing industry following World War II had impacted the local dialect's viability,^[1] when Nancy Dorian started studying the dialect in 1963, there were still more than 200 speakers in Brora, Golspie and Embo, including 105 in Embo, where they were more than a third of the population.^[6]

Dorian found that the Gaelic language was able to adapt to modern life even while becoming moribund, because speakers were able to borrow words from English and apply them to any discussion, even for highly technical topics.^[3][7] She was able to classify speakers as "older fluent speakers", "younger fluent speakers", and "semi-speakers", describing the linguistic differences between each speaker type.^[8] The socioeconomically homogeneous community was characterized by a high degree of variation between speakers, even those classified in the same speaker type.^[9] Certain types of syntactic distinctions, such as grammatical gender, case markings, and the two passive constructions, were lost gradually, rather than erased wholesale, as some theoreticians had predicted.^[10]

By the 1991 census, the number of speakers had declined to less than a twentieth of a century earlier.^[6] One of two remaining native speakers, Wilma Ross of Embo, died in 2017; her sister Jessie was the terminal speaker until her death in 2020.^[1][11]

The East Sutherland dialect became well known in the field of language death based on the research by Nancy Dorian, beginning in 1963. Dorian's 1981 book Language Death: The Life Cycle of a Scottish Gaelic Dialect, was described by Wolfgang U. Dressler as "the first major monograph" on language death.^[12]

Citation edit

Bibliography edit

• Dorian, Nancy C. (1981). Language Death: The Life Cycle of a Scottish Gaelic Dialect. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812277852.
• Dressler, Wolfgang U. (June 1982). "Language Death: The Life Cycle of a Scottish Gaelic Dialect". Language. 58 (2): 432–435. doi:10.2307/414109. JSTOR 414109.
• Duwe, Kurt C. (January 2012). "East Sutherland & Caithness" (PDF). Gàidhlig (Scottish Gaelic) Local Studies. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
• Harris, Tracy K. (1982). "Review of Language Death: The Life Cycle of a Scottish Gaelic Dialect". Studies in Second Language Acquisition. 4 (2): 227–230. doi:10.1017/S0272263100004496. JSTOR 44487242.
• Romaine, Suzanne (1983). "Review of Language Death. The Life Cycle of a Scottish Gaelic Dialect". Journal of Linguistics. 19 (1): 272–277. doi:10.1017/S0022226700007659. JSTOR 4175685.
• Wolfram, Walt (2011). "Review of Investigating variation: The effects of social organization and social setting". Language. 87 (4): 904–908. doi:10.1353/lan.2011.0093. JSTOR 41348874. S2CID 144929863.