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Elections in England

Summary

There are five types of elections in England: elections to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elections to the devolved London Assembly, local council elections, metro mayor elections, and the Police and crime commissioner elections, in addition to by-elections for each aforementioned election. Elections are held on Election Day, which is conventionally a Thursday.

Under the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, all five types of elections are held after fixed periods, though early elections to the UK parliament occurred in both 2017 and 2019.[1][2] After winning the 2019 election, the Conservative Party committed to repealing the FTPA.[3] On 1 December 2020, in fulfilment of this manifesto pledge, the government published a draft Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 (Repeal) Bill, which would repeal the FTPA and revive the royal prerogative power of dissolving Parliament as it existed before the Act.[4] The legislation was formally announced as the Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Bill in the Queen's Speech of 11 May 2021, and granted Royal Assent on 24 March 2022.[5]

The three electoral systems used for elections in England are: first-past-the-post (for UK elections and local elections, though individual local authorities are able to move to STV under recent legislation), the additional member system (for Mayor and London Assembly elections) and the supplementary vote (for Police and Crime Commissioner elections; although proposals by the UK Government to change Assembly, Mayor and PCC elections to FPTP have been made).[6]

UK Parliament edit

Since 1918, the Conservative Party has predominantly received the most English votes in UK general elections, winning a plurality 21 times out of 28. The other seven elections (1945, 1950, 1951, 1966, October 1974, 1997 and 2001) saw the popular vote in England being won by the Labour Party.[7]

1918 edit

Party Seats Votes
Total Gains Losses Net +/- % seats Total votes % votes Change
Conservative 315 N/A 65.0 ~3,140,000 39.5 N/A
Liberal 107 22.1 ~2,140,000 26.4
Labour 42 8.7 ~1,810,000 22.5
Other parties 21 2.5 ~690,000 8.5
485 100 ~8,050,000 100

1922 edit

Party Seats Votes
Total Gains Losses Net +/- % seats Total votes % votes Change
Conservative 307 N/A  8 63.3 ~4,810,000 41.1 N/A
Labour 95  43 19.6 ~3,370,000 28.8
Liberal 75  32 15.5 ~3,210,000 27.2
Other parties 8  13 1.6 ~310,000 2.5
485 N/A 100 ~11,700,000 100

1923 edit

Party Seats Votes
Total Gains Losses Net +/- % seats Total votes % votes Change
Conservative 221 N/A  86 45.6 ~4,730,000 39.8 N/A
Labour 138  43 28.5 ~3,550,000 29.7
Liberal 123  48 25.4 ~3,570,000 29.9
Other parties 3  5 0.62 ~70,000 0.6
485 N/A 100 ~11,930,000 100

1924 edit

Party Seats Votes
Total Gains Losses Net +/- % seats Total votes % votes Change
Conservative 347 N/A  126 71.5 ~6,460,000 47.7 N/A
Labour 109  29 22.4 ~4,470,000 32.8
Liberal 19  104 3.9 ~3,390,000 17.6
Other parties 10  7 1.9 ~250,000 0.6
485 N/A 100 ~13,560,000 100

1929 edit

Party Seats Votes
Total Gains Losses Net +/- % seats Total votes % votes Change
Labour 226 N/A  117 46.6 ~6,850,000 36.9 N/A
Conservative 221  126 45.5 ~7,180,000 38.8
Liberal 35  16 7.2 ~4,340,000 23.6
Other parties 3  7 2.0 ~130,000 0.7
485 N/A 100 ~18,500,000 100

1931 edit

Party Seats Votes
Total Gains Losses Net +/- % seats Total votes % votes Change
Conservative 436 N/A  215 89.9 ~11,480,000 63.3 N/A
Labour 29  197 5.98 ~7,180,000 30.2
Liberal 19  16 3.91 ~1,040,000 6.0
Other parties 1  2 0.2 ~100,000 0.5
485 N/A 100 ~18,080,000 100

1935 edit

Party Seats Votes
Total Gains Losses Net +/- % seats Total votes % votes Change
Conservative 357 N/A  81 73.6 ~9,990,000 54.5 N/A
Labour 116  87 23.9 ~7,050,000 38.5
Liberal 11  16 2.26 ~1,110,000 6.3
Other parties 1  2 0.2 ~120,000 0.7
485 N/A 100 ~18,270,000 100

1945 edit

Party Seats Votes
Total Gains Losses Net +/- % seats Total votes % votes Change
Labour 331 N/A  215 64.9 ~9,970,000 48.5 N/A
Conservative 167  190 32.7 ~8,270,000 40.2
Liberal 5  6 0.98 ~1,910,000 9.4
Other parties 7  6 1.37 ~380,000 1.9
510 N/A 100 ~20,540,000 100

1950 edit

Party Seats Votes
Total Gains Losses Net +/- % seats Total votes % votes Change
Labour 251 N/A  80 46.1 ~11,050,000 48.5 N/A
Conservative 253  86 43.8 ~10,500,000 40.2
Liberal 2  3 0.98 ~2,250,000 9.4
Other parties 0  7 1.37 ~160,000 1.9
506 N/A 100 ~23,950,000 100

1951 edit

1955 edit

1959 edit

1964 edit

1966 edit

1970 edit

February 1974 edit

October 1974 edit

1979 edit

1983 edit

Party[8] Seats Votes
Total Gains Losses Net +/- % seats Total votes % votes Change
Conservative 362 N/A N/A  37 69.2 11,711,519 46.0  1.2
Labour 148 N/A N/A  45 28.3 6,862,422 26.8  9.8
Alliance 13 N/A N/A  8 2.5 6,714,957 26.4  11.5
Other parties 0 N/A N/A   — 183,748 0.7  0.5
25,472,646 72.5
Popular vote
Conservative
 
 46.0%
Labour
 
 26.8%
SDP–Liberal Alliance
 
 26.4%
Other
 
 0.7%
Parliament seats
Conservative
 
 69.2%
Labour
 
 28.3%
SDP–Liberal Alliance
 
 2.5%

1987 edit

Party[9] Seats Votes
Total Gains Losses Net +/- % seats Total votes % votes Change
Conservative 358 9 13  4 68.5 12,546,186 46.2  0.2
Labour 155 13 6  7 29.6 8,006,466 29.5  2.5
Alliance 10 2 5  3 1.9 6,467,350 23.8  2.4
Other parties 0 0 0   — 113,520 0.4  0.3
27,133,522 75.4  2.9
Popular vote
Conservative
 
 46.2%
Labour
 
 29.5%
SDP–Liberal Alliance
 
 23.8%
Other
 
 0.4%
Parliament seats
Conservative
 
 68.5%
Labour
 
 29.6%
SDP–Liberal Alliance
 
 1.9%

1992 edit

Party[10] Seats Votes
Total Gains Losses Net +/- % seats Total votes % votes Change
Conservative 319 1 40  39 60.9 12,796,772 45.5  0.8
Labour 195 40 0  40 37.2 9,551,910 33.9  4.4
Liberal Democrats 10 4 4   1.9 5,398,293 19.2  4.7
Other parties 0 0 0   — 401,531 1.4  1.0
28,148,506 78.0
Popular vote
Conservative
 
 45.5%
Labour
 
 33.9%
Liberal Democrats
 
 19.2%
Other
 
 1.4%
Parliament seats
Conservative
 
 60.9%
Labour
 
 37.2%
Liberal Democrats
 
 1.9%

1997 edit

Party[11] Seats Votes
Total Gains Losses Net +/- % seats Total votes % votes Change
Labour 328 133 1  132 62.0 11,347,882 43.5  9.6
Conservative 165 0 159  159 31.2 8,780,881 33.7  11.8
Liberal Democrats 34 26 1  25 6.4 4,677,565 18.0  1.3
Referendum 0 0 0   — 746,624 2.9 N/A
UKIP 0 0 0   — 103,521 0.4 N/A
Independent 1 1 0  1 0.2 69,464 0.3  0.2
Green 0 0 0   — 60,013 0.2  0.4
Liberal 0 0 0   — 44,516 0.2  
Socialist Labour 0 0 0   — 44,114 0.2 N/A
BNP 0 0 0   — 35,181 0.1  0.1
Natural Law 0 0 0   — 25,958 0.1  0.1
Independent Labour 0 0 0   — 24,447 0.1  
Speaker 1 1 0  1 0.2 24,447 0.1 N/A
Ind. Conservative 0 0 0   — 18,667 0.1  
Prolife Alliance 0 0 0   — 13,890 0.1 N/A
Other parties 0 0 0   — 42,020 0.2 N/A
26,058,712 71.5  6.5
Popular vote
Labour
 
 43.5%
Conservative
 
 33.7%
Liberal Democrats
 
 18.0%
Referendum
 
 2.9%
Other
 
 2.1%
Parliament seats
Labour
 
 62.0%
Conservative
 
 31.2%
Liberal Democrats
 
 6.4%
Other
 
 0.4%

2001 edit

Party[12] Seats Votes
Total Gains Losses Net +/- % seats Total votes % votes Change
Labour 323 1 6  5 61.1 9,056,824 41.4  2.1
Conservative 165 8 8   31.2 7,705,870 35.2  1.5
Liberal Democrats 40 8 2  6 8.1 4,246,853 19.4  1.5
UKIP 0 0 0   — 374,775 1.7  1.3
Green 0 0 0   — 158,173 0.7  0.5
Independent 0 0 1  1 — 79,559 0.4  0.1
Socialist Alliance 0 0 0   — 55,295 0.3 N/A
Socialist Labour 0 0 0   — 51,299 0.2  0.1
BNP 0 0 0   — 46,851 0.2  0.1
Health Concern 1 1 0  1 0.2 28,487 0.1 N/A
Liberal 0 0 0   — 13,302 0.1  0.1
Other parties 0 0 0  1 — 53,474 0.2 N/A
21,870,762 59.1  12.2
Popular vote
Labour
 
 41.4%
Conservative
 
 35.2%
Liberal Democrats
 
 19.4%
UKIP
 
 1.7%
Other
 
 1.5%
Parliament seats
Labour
 
 61.1%
Conservative
 
 31.2%
Liberal Democrats
 
 7.6%
Other
 
 0.2%

2005 edit

Party[13] Seats Votes
Total Gains Losses Net +/- % seats Total votes % votes Change
Labour 286 0 37  37 54.1 8,043,461 35.4  6.0
Conservative 194 32 3  29 36.7 8,116,005 35.7  0.5
Liberal Democrats 47 12 5  7 8.9 5,201,286 22.9  3.6
Respect 1 1 0  1 0.2 67,422 0.3  0.3
Health Concern 1 0 0   0.2 18,739 0.1  
UKIP 0 0 0   0.0 592,417 2.6  0.9
Green 0 0 0   0.0 251,051 1.1  0.4
BNP 0 0 0   0.0 189,570 0.8  0.6
Veritas 0 0 0   0.0 39,044 0.2 New
Liberal 0 0 0   0.0 17,547 0.1  
Others 0 0 0   0.0 177,343 0.8 N/A
22,713,855 61.0  1.9
Popular vote
Conservative
 
 35.7%
Labour
 
 35.4%
Liberal Democrats
 
 22.9%
UKIP
 
 2.6%
Greens
 
 1.1%
Other
 
 2.3%
Parliament seats
Labour
 
 54.1%
Conservative
 
 36.7%
Liberal Democrats
 
 8.9%
Respect
 
 0.2%
ICHC
 
 0.2%

2010 edit

Party[14] Seats Votes
Total Gains Losses Net +/- % seats Total votes % votes Change
Conservative 297 95 4  91 55.7 9,908,169 39.5  3.8
Labour 191 2 89  87 35.8 7,042,398 28.1  7.4
Liberal Democrats 43 8 12  4 8.1 6,076,189 24.2  1.3
UKIP 0 0 0   — 866,633 3.5  0.9
BNP 0 0 0   — 532,333 2.1  1.3
Green 1 0 0  1 0.2 258,954 1.0  0.1
English Democrat 0 0 0   — 64,826 0.3  0.2
Respect 0 0 0  1 — 33,251 0.1  0.2
Speaker 1 1 0  1 0.2 22,860 0.1  
Health Concern 0 0 0  1 — 16,150 0.1  
Christian 0 0 0 0 — 15,841 0.1 N/A
National Front 0 0 0 0 — 10,400 0.0  
TUSC 0 0 0 0 — 8,404 0.0 N/A
Socialist Labour 0 0 0 0 — 4,368 0.0  
Other parties 0 0 0 0 — 224,341 0.9  
25,085,097 65.5  4.5
Popular vote
Conservative
 
 39.5%
Labour
 
 28.1%
Liberal Democrats
 
 24.2%
UKIP
 
 3.5%
BNP
 
 2.1%
Greens
 
 1.0%
Other
 
 1.5%
Parliament seats
Conservative
 
 55.7%
Labour
 
 35.8%
Liberal Democrats
 
 8.1%
Greens
 
 0.2%
Speaker
 
 0.2%

2015 edit

Party[15] Seats Votes
Total Gains Losses Net +/- % seats Total votes % votes Change
Conservative 318 32 11  21 59.7 10,483,261 40.9  1.4
Labour 206 21 6  15 38.6 8,087,684 31.6  3.6
UKIP 1 1 0  1 0.2 3,611,367 14.1  10.7
Liberal Democrats 6 0 37  37 1.1 2,098,404 8.2  16.0
Green 1 0 0   0.2 1,073,242 4.2  3.2
Speaker 1 0 0   0.2 34,617 0.1  
TUSC 0 0 0   — 32,868 0.1  0.1
NHA 0 0 0   — 20,210 0.1 New
Respect 0 0 0   — 9,989 0.0  0.1
Yorkshire First 0 0 0   — 6,811 0.0 New
English Democrat 0 0 0   — 6,431 0.0  0.2
CISTA 0 0 0   — 4,569 0.0 New
Monster Raving Loony 0 0 0   — 3,432 0.0  
CPA 0 0 0   — 3,260 0.0  
BNP 0 0 0   — 1,667 0.0  2.1
Class War 0 0 0   — 526 0.0 New
Other parties 0 0 0   — 127,133 0.5  0.2
25,571,204 65.9  0.4
Popular vote
Conservative
 
 40.9%
Labour
 
 31.6%
UKIP
 
 14.1%
Liberal Democrats
 
 8.2%
Greens
 
 4.2%
Other
 
 0.9%
Parliament seats
Conservative
 
 59.7%
Labour
 
 38.6%
Liberal Democrats
 
 1.1%
UKIP
 
 0.2%
Greens
 
 0.2%
Speaker
 
 0.2%

2017 edit

Party[16] Seats Votes
Total Gains Losses Net +/- % seats Total votes % votes Change
Conservative 296 8 30  22 55.5 12,344,901 45.4  4.4
Labour 227 27 6  21 42.6 11,390,099 41.9  10.3
Liberal Democrats 8 5 3  2 1.5 2,121,810 7.8  0.4
UKIP 0 0 1  1 — 557,390 2.1  12.1
Green 1 0 0   0.2 506,969 1.9  2.3
Speaker 1 0 0   0.2 34,299 0.1  
Yorkshire 0 0 0   — 20,958 0.1  0.1
NHA 0 0 0   — 16,119 0.1  
CPA 0 0 0   — 5,869 0.0  
BNP 0 0 0   — 4,642 0.0  
Monster Raving Loony 0 0 0   — 3,733 0.0  
Women's Equality 0 0 0   — 3,066 0.0  
English Democrat 0 0 0   — 1,913 0.0  
Pirate 0 0 0   — 1,875 0.0  
Workers Revolutionary 0 0 0   — 771 0.0  
SDP 0 0 0   — 321 0.0  
  Others 0 0 0   — 151,054 0.6  0.4
Total 533 27,165,789 Turnout 69.1
Popular vote
Conservative
 
 45.4%
Labour
 
 41.9%
Liberal Democrats
 
 7.8%
UKIP
 
 2.1%
Green
 
 1.9%
Other
 
 0.9%
Parliament seats
Conservative
 
 55.5%
Labour
 
 42.6%
Liberal Democrats
 
 1.5%
Green
 
 0.2%
Speaker
 
 0.2%

2019 edit

Party[17] Seats Votes
Total Gains Losses Net +/- % seats Total votes % votes Change
Conservative 345 52 3  49 64.7 12,710,845 47.2  1.7
Labour 180 1 48  47 33.7 9,152,034 34.0  7.9
Liberal Democrats 7 2 3  1 1.3 3,340,835 12.4  4.6
Green 1 0 0   0.2 819,751 3.0  1.2
Brexit Party 0 0 0 — 545,172 2.0  2.0
Yorkshire 0 0 0   — 29,201 0.1  
UKIP 0 0 0   — 18,891 0.1  2.0
Liberal 0 0 0   — 10,876 0.0  
Change UK 0 0 0   — 10,006 0.0 new
Monster Raving Loony 0 0 0   — 9,394 0.0  
CPA 0 0 0   — 6,246 0.0  
Animal Welfare 0 0 0   — 3,086 0.0  
SDP 0 0 0   — 3,000 0.0  
English Democrat 0 0 0   — 1,987 0.0  
Libertarian 0 0 0   — 1,375 0.0  
Workers Revolutionary 0 0 0   — 524 0.0  
Advance 0 0 0   — 351 0.0 new
Others 0 0 0   — 246,094 0.9  0.8
26,909,668 67.4  1.7

Note: the above figures include the Speaker being counted in the Labour totals, despite the Speaker being non-partisan.

Popular vote
Conservative
 
 47.2%
Labour
 
 34.0%
Liberal Democrats
 
 12.4%
Green
 
 3.0%
Brexit Party
 
 2.0%
Other
 
 1.4%
Parliament seats
Conservative
 
 64.7%
Labour
 
 33.7%
Liberal Democrats
 
 1.3%
Green
 
 0.2%

London mayor edit

The mayor of London is elected by the supplementary vote method for a fixed term of four years, with elections taking place in May. As with most elected posts in the United Kingdom, there is a deposit (in this case of £10,000), which is returnable on the candidate's winning of at least 5% of the first-choice votes cast.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Worthy, Ben (19 April 2017). "Theresa May's snap election: historic or Pyrrhic?". London School of Economics. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  2. ^ Butterworth, Benjamin (29 October 2019). "General election 2019: UK snap election to be held on 12 December after Boris Johnson wins Commons vote 438-20". i. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  3. ^ "Get Brexit Done: the Conservative and Unionist Party Manifesto 2019" (PDF). Conservative and Unionist Party. p. 48. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  4. ^ "Government to fulfil manifesto commitment and scrap Fixed-term Parliaments Act". gov.uk. 1 December 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  5. ^ Blewett, Sam (11 May 2021). "A brief look at the Bills included in the Queen's Speech". Evening Standard. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  6. ^ Woodcock, Andrew (16 March 2021). "Priti Patel under fire over plan to change voting system for London mayor". The Independent. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  7. ^ Pilling, Sam; Cracknell, Richard (18 August 2021). "UK Election Statistics: 1918-2021: A Century of Elections" (PDF). House of Commons Library. pp. 20–21. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  8. ^ "GENERAL ELECTION RESULTS, 9 JUNE 1983" (PDF). 1984. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  9. ^ "GENERAL ELECTION RESULTS, 11 JUNE 1987" (PDF). 1989. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  10. ^ "GENERAL ELECTION RESULTS, 9 APRIL 1992" (PDF). 1993. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  11. ^ "General election results 1 May 1997". 9 May 1997. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  12. ^ Morgan, Bryn (12 June 2021). "General election results, 7 June 2001" (PDF): 12. Retrieved 6 October 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ^ "Election 2005 | Results | England". BBC News. 10 May 2005. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  14. ^ "Election 2010 Results England". BBC News.
  15. ^ Election 2015 Results England BBC News
  16. ^ "England Results". BBC News.
  17. ^ "Results of the 2019 General Election in England". BBC News.

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