Many accounts of the history of Kitara exist, and some may vary and/or contradict each other. This section attempts to compare different accounts. Note that accounts agree more on the details of the Chwezi dynasty than the earlier Tembuzi dynasty.

Tembuzi dynasty edit

Ruth Alice Fisher wrote that Kakama Twale became the first king of Kitara as willed by Ruhanga.^[17]: 74 K. W. (standing for Kabalega and Winyi) and John W. Nyakatura wrote that Kintu was the first king, and consider Kakama (lit. 'little king') and Twale (Itwale in K.W.'s account) to be separate. In their accounts, Kintu was succeeded by Kakama, who was succeeded by (I)twale.^{[18][19][20][21][3]: 5} John Roscoe and Petero Bikunya only mention "Twale" and "Twari" respectively.^{[22]: 87 [23]: 5–7 [2]: 116–117, 121}

Nyakatura then mentions that Twale's son, Hangi, succeeded him.^[3]: 6 Roscoe mentions Hangi and Nyamenge being the king after Hangi, although he wrote that there is no more information available about them.^[22]: 87 In Nyakatura's account, Hangi has two children: Ira lya Hangi (lit. 'long ago of Hangi') and Kazooba ka Hangi (lit. 'little sun of Hangi').^[3]: 6 Julien Gorju states that Ira and Kazooba were direct sons of Ruhanga, as Hangi was the Nyoro name for Ruhanga.^{[1]: 39 [6]: 16} Nyakatura states that Kazooba succeeded Ira after he died without an heir. Roscoe states that Kabangera succeeded Ira, but there is no more information about him, although some timelines consider Kazooba and Kabangera to be the same person.^{[22]: 87 [24]}

In Nyakatura's account, there was a notable population increase during Kazooba's reign, and he was loved by his subjects so much that he was deified after his death and succession by Nyamuhanga.^[3]: 6 Under Nyamuhanga, there was also an increase in population and he was deified after his death and succession by Nkya I (lit. 'lucky', as Nyamuhanga had trouble having a child).^[3]: 6–7 Due to the similarities between Kazooba and Nyamuhanga, Gorju analyses them as the same person.^[6]: 15 Nyakatura writes that Nkya I was succeeded by Nkya II, and Nkya II was succeeded by Baba (lit. 'father'^[2]: 120).^[3]: 7 Gorju analyses Nkya I and Nkya II as the same person, as both of their fathers were barren.^[6]: 15 Fisher writes that Baba succeeded Kakama, but Roscoe implies that Baba succeeded Kabangera.^{[17]: 75 [22]: 87} Carole Ann Buchanan states that Baba was said to be wealthy, having many people and goats, and Fisher states that this prosperity was shared with the ever-increasing populace.^{[2]: 120 [17]: 75}

Nyakatura and K.W. write that Baba was succeeded by, in chronological order, Kamuli, Nseka (lit. 'way of laughing'), Kudidi (who reigned for longer than usual), Ntonzi (who put down rebellions, lit. 'wooden sticks'), Nyakahongerwa (lit. 'that which is sacrificed for someone') and Mukonko (who also reigned for longer than usual).^{[3]: 5, 7}All other accounts mentioned beforehand state that Baba was succeeded directly by Mukonko.^{[2]: 120 [17]: 76 [22]: 87 [6]: 15} Regardless, all accounts agree that Mukonko was succeeded by Ngonzaki^[c] (lit. 'what do I want?', as he was very wealthy^[3]: 7) Rutahinduka (lit. 'he who does not turn around').^[6] K.W. states that Ngonzaki was succeeded by Isaza Mukama, then Isaza Nyakikooto, but all other accounts consider Isaza Mukama and Isaza Nyakikooto to be the same person.^[6]: 15 As a young monarch, he favored fellow young people over older people, banishing his old counselors and replacing them with young ones. However, after he nearly suffocated to death, he restored the elders' positions, as they were able to save him.^{[2]: 122 [3]: 7–8 [5]: 41–42 [6]: 13–14 [17]: 76–78 [25]}

After Isaza's imprisonment in the underworld, his deputy Bukuku proclaimed himself king, as Isaza did not yet have any sons. However, Bukuku was a commoner (omwiru), and the people did not like being ruled by one. Thus, the chiefs of most of the counties rebelled against him.^{[2]: 127–129 [3]: 15–16 [5]: 45 [6]: 17 [17]: 84 [25]} Fisher and Dunbar state that Bukuku had to retreat to the south-west of Kitara and Bikunya states that Bukuku only ruled over Kikwenusi, Kisegwe and Kijagarazi, although the location of said places are unknown.^{[6]: 17 [17]: 84 [23]: 15–16 [2]: 129} All accounts state that Bukuku was killed by his grandson, Karubumbi,^[d] over a dispute about watering some cattle, then he proclaimed himself king, thus founding the Chwezi dynasty.^{[2]: 140 [3]: 20–21 [5]: 47 [6]: 17 [17]: 88} Fisher and Dunbar wrote that the people were overjoyed as he resembled his paternal grandfather, Isaza.^{[6]: 17 [17]: 89}

Chwezi dynasty edit

Because the rebellious chiefs refused to submit to Karubumbi, he led a series of campaigns to regain the lands of Isaza. Fisher wrote that his first campaign was against Ntale (chief of Ankole), causing him to surrender,^[17]: 89 but Nyakatura, Buchanan and Bikunya wrote that his first campaign was against Nsinga, chief of Bugoma.^{[3]: 22 [2]: 141 [23]: 19} However, all of these accounts agree that Nsinga was executed after being accused of witchcraft.^{[17]: 90 [3]: 22 [2]: 141 [23]: 19} Places that Karubumbi was said to have annexed include Buruli, Karagwe, Sukuma, Rwanda, Busoga, Ankole, Tooro, Bunyara, Busongora, Bulega, Bukidi, Buganda and Madi, although accounts often disagree on the chronology of these campaigns and expeditions.^{[17]: 89–94 [3]: 25–26 [2]: 142 [25]} Fisher and Dunbar wrote that out of praise, Isimbwa, Karubumbi's father, announced that Karubumbi will be henceforth known as Ndahura (lit. 'I will care for').^{[17]: 95 [6]: 18}

Accounts agree that one day. Ndahura disappeared and did not return home, however the reason for this is disputed. Fisher and Dunbar wrote that while Ndahura was waiting for Wamara, his son, to return from an expedition, Ndahura was swallowed up by the earth and stayed to the underworld with his servant for two days.^{[17]: 96 [6]: 18} Nyakatura, Buchanan and Apuuli wrote that during a campaign in Ihangiro against Bwirebutakya (lit. 'the day does not dawn'), Ndahura was captured as "darkness fell upon Ndahura's army",^{[3]: 28 [2]: 189 [25]} and K. W. and Albert B. Lloyd wrote that Ndahura was killed in said campaign.^{[19]: 159 [26]: 69–70} Unlike other authors, K. W., John Beattie, Nyakatura and Dunbar wrote that Mulindwa ruled as a deputy/regent during this time.^{[3]: 28 [5]: 47 [6]: 18, 20} Wamara then became the next king of Kitara. Nyakatura wrote that Wamara was chosen to succeed Ndahura after some deliberation,^{[3]: 28–29} Dunbar wrote that Ndahura appointed Mulindwa yet Wamara seized the throne,^[6]: 18 and Fisher wrote that Ndahura reluctantly allowed Wamara to reign.^[17]: 97

The Chwezi, especially Wamara, generally lost the respect of the people as Wamara's rule was malicious^{[17]: 101 [6]: 19 [5]: 48} and tensions rose among themselves (e.g. Nyangoma's^[e] attempted murder of Mugenyi, Ndahura's half brother).^{[2]: 190–191 [3]: 29 [5]: 48 [6]: 18–19 [17]: 99–101} Misango,^[f] from the south, was said to have raided Chwezi cattle with his army, but was later killed.^{[2]: 195–196 [3]: 37–38 [17]: 104–105} Fisher wrote that Mugasa, Wamara's uncle and chief of the Sese Islands, rebelled against him, although the uprising was quickly squashed.^[17]: 102 Fisher and Dunbar then wrote that Bihogo, Mugenyi's rare ox which gave fragrance to whatever water she drank, had a fit and died, and that Wamara ordered witch doctors to dissect her.^{[6]: 19 [17]: 105–106} Nyakatura, Beattie, Apuuli wrote that Wamara, troubled by misfortunes, summoned his witch doctors to explain the meaning of them, who then slaughtered some bull calves for divination.^{[3]: 38 [5]: 48 [25]} Nevertheless, accounts agree that the cattle's body was empty and had no organs, and the witch doctors were surprised.

There happened to be two brothers, Nyakoka and Karango, who came from Bukidi, and Nyakoka said that he would solve the mystery if he entered into a blood pact with one of the Chwezi. Nyakoka made a blood pact with either Mulindwa (according to Nyakatura, Beattie and Apuuli) or Mugenyi (according to Fisher and Dunbar). He then split the head and hooves with a hatchet, all the internal organs fell out, and an irremovable black smut settled on those organs. Nyakoka is said to have explained that the empty body signified the end of Chwezi rule, the organs being in unusual places signified that the Chwezi will pack up their belongings and move elsewhere, the organs in the head specifically signified that they will still rule through the "spirit mediumship" cult and the unremovable black smut signified that the country would be ruled by foreigners with darker skin. The Chwezi were disappointed by this interpretation, and would have killed Nyakoka if he was not told of this beforehand by his blood brother and escaped. They eventually decided to abandon Kitara.^{[2]: 198–199 [3]: 38–41 [5]: 48–49 [6]: 19–20 [17]: 106–109 [25]}

Administrative divisions edit

Isaza was said to be the first king to divide Kitara into counties (amasaza, sg. isaza) and according to folk etymology, the word isaza was derived from his name.^{[2]: 123 [3]: 8–9 [5]: 41 [6]: 14 [25]} In the following table, chiefs in bold and light red rebelled against Bukuku according to Bikunya and Heremenzilda K. Karubanga.^{[23]: 15–16 [27]: 2} This table is not exhaustive.

Extent edit

M. S. M. Kiwanuka suggests that the extent of Kitara implied by writers like Roland Oliver, Merrick Posnansky and A. R. Dunbar have been influenced by nationalism:

Hitherto, conclusions reached by writers such as those cited above on the history of the Empire of Bunyoro-Kitara, have been based largely on the traditions of Bunyoro, which besides being never subjected to any critical examination, are unfortunately coloured by nationalist sentiments.^[15]: 30

He also points out the lack of evidence for these claims:

The civilization of the Bachwezi and their political influence is still asserted to have extended even to areas where there is no memory of the Bachwezi or their cults. Maps have been drawn to show the vastness of the Empire but no one for instance has asked when Bunyoro extended her influence to Equatoria.^[15]: 30

Organization edit

John E. G. Sutton writes that according to archaeological evidence, some earthwork sites said to be in Kitara can be interpreted as separate capitals:

There is in fact a reasonable case for interpreting each of the big earthwork sites — Kibengo, Munsa and Bigo — as a capital for those who controlled the grasslands of those districts. In this way Kitara can perhaps be still imagined not as a single united kingdom but as a vaguer system of political organization and economic exploitation of this region some six or seven centuries ago.^{[29]: 58 [30]: 107}

Godfrey N. Uzoigwe calls Kitara "loosely-organized":

These traditions inform us in masterful and amazing detail – in spite of several lacunae – how their ancestors founded the first state system in the lake region and later converted it into a large, albeit loosely-organized ‘empire,’ that extended beyond the region. That ‘empire’ they called Kitara Kya Nyameng[e], an ‘empire’ won by the sword by larger-than-life individuals.^{[31]: 17–18}

Legends of Kitara were often used to give legitimacy to later dynasties and kingdoms in and around Uganda, especially Bunyoro and Buganda, which claimed to be the heirs of Kitara.^{[8][32]: 460 [33]}

• African empires
• African historiography
• History of Uganda
• List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa