Summary
Empress Xiaozhaoren (1653 – 18 March 1678), of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Niohuru clan, was a posthumous name bestowed to the wife and second empress consort of Xuanye, the Kangxi Emperor.[1][2] She was empress consort of China during the Qing dynasty from 1677 until her death in 1678.[3]
| Empress Xiaozhaoren | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A portrait of Empress Xiaozhaoren in court dress (left) and daily dress (right) | |||||
| Empress consort of the Qing dynasty | |||||
| Tenure | 18 September 1677 – 18 March 1678 | ||||
| Predecessor | Empress Xiaochengren | ||||
| Successor | Empress Xiaoyiren | ||||
| Born | 1653 (順治十年) | ||||
| Died | 18 March 1678 (aged 24–25) (康熙十七年 二月 二十六日) Palace of Earthly Tranquility | ||||
| Burial | Jing Mausoleum, Eastern Qing tombs | ||||
| Spouse | |||||
| |||||
| House | Niohuru (鈕祜祿) | ||||
| Father | Ebilun | ||||
| Mother | Lady Šušu Gioro | ||||
| Empress Xiaozhaoren | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 孝昭仁皇后 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 孝昭仁皇后 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Manchu name | |||||||
| Manchu script | ᡥᡳᠶᠣᠣᡧᡠᠩᡤᠠ ᡤᡝᠩᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ ᡤᠣᠰᡳᠨ ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡥᡝᠣ | ||||||
| Romanization | hiyoošungga genggiyen gosin hūwangheo | ||||||
She was the daughter of the regent Ebilun, and was originally a concubine, until her promotion to empress in 1677.[4]
Life edit
Empress Xiaozhaoren's personal name was not recorded in history.
Family background edit
- Father: Ebilun (d. 1673), served as one of the Four Regents of the Kangxi Emperor, and held the title of a first class duke (一等公)
- Paternal grandfather: Eidu (1562–1621)
- Paternal grandmother: Aisin Gioro Mukushen (穆庫什; 1595–1659), Nurhaci's fourth daughter
- Mother: Lady Šušu Gioro, a concubine
- Seven brothers
- First elder brother: Sailin (塞林 三等侍卫), Third Class Imperial Guard
- Second elder brother: Unnamed
- Third younger brother: Faka (法喀 ;17 May 1664– 9 February 1713), First Class Duke (一等公)
- Fourth younger brother: Yanzhu (颜珠 一等侍卫;b. 1665), First Class Imperial Guard
- Fifth younger brother: Fubao (富保 任二等侍卫;b.1678),Second Class Imperial Guard
- Sixth younger brother: Yinde, First Class Duke (尹德 一等公)
- Seventh younger brother: Alingga (1670–1716)
- One elder sister and four younger sisters
- First elder sister: Princess Consort of the Second Rank of Barin, wife of Zhashen (扎什)
- Third younger sister: Noble Consort Wenxi (d. 1694)[5]
- Fourth younger sister: State duchess of the fourth rank, wife of Yunsheng (云升)
- Fifth younger sister: First class viscountess, wife of Ayushen (阿玉什) from Bordered White Banner
Kangxi era edit
In 1665, Lady Niohuru entered the Forbidden City and became a mistress of the Kangxi Emperor. Lady Niohuru did not receive any rank or title initially. After the Kangxi Emperor's first empress consort, Empress Xiaochengren, died on 6 June 1674, the Kangxi Emperor did not elevate any of his consorts to the position of empress to replace her. On 18 September 1677, Lady Niohuru was first mentioned in official histories when the Kangxi Emperor instated her as new empress consort. As Empress, Lady Niohuru was in charge of the emperor's harem. She died on 18 March 1678 and was interred in the Jing Mausoleum of the Eastern Qing tombs alongside Empress Xiaochengren.
Titles edit
- During the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1643–1661):
- Lady Niohuru (from 1653)
- During the reign of the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722):
- During the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor (r. 1722–1735):
- Empress Xiaozhaoren (孝昭仁皇后; from July 1723[8])
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ McMahon, Keith (21 April 2016). Celestial Women: Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Song to Qing. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-5502-9.
- ^ Hua, Hsieh Bao (18 June 2014). Concubinage and Servitude in Late Imperial China. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-4516-6.
- ^ Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. New World Press. 2007. ISBN 978-7-80228-509-5.
- ^ Standaert, Nicolas (1 July 2011). The Interweaving of Rituals: Funerals in the Cultural Exchange between China and Europe. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-80004-2.
- ^ Full sister, born by the same mother
- ^ 康熙十六年 八月 二十二日
- ^ 康熙十七年 閏三月 二十一日
- ^ 雍正元年 六月
References edit
- Niuhulu jiapu 鈕祜祿家譜 [Genealogy of the Niohuru Clan] (in Chinese).
- Qinggong dang'an 清宮檔案 [Archives of the Qing Palace] (in Chinese).
- Qing huangshi sipu 清皇室四譜 [Four Genealogies of the Qing Imperial Clan] (in Chinese).
- Du, Jiaji. "清代《玉牒》中的滿族史資料及其價值 [Materials on Manchu History in the Qing Dynasty's "Imperial Genealogy" and Their Value]". Liu Chaishao de boke 刘柴烧的博客 [Liu Chaishao's Blog] (in Chinese). Chinese Social History Research Centre, School of History, Nankai University. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
- Wan, Yi; Shuqing, Wang; Yanzhen, Lu; Scott, Rosemary E. (1988). Daily Life in the Forbidden City: The Qing Dynasty, 1644-1912 (Illustrated ed.). Viking. ISBN 0670811645.
- Zhao, Erxun (1928). Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao) (in Chinese).