This is an extended version of the energy density table from the main Energy density page:
Storage type | Specific energy (MJ/kg) | Energy density (MJ/L) | Peak recovery efficiency % | Practical recovery efficiency % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Arbitrary Antimatter | 89,875,517,874 | depends on density | ||
Deuterium–tritium fusion | 576,000,000[1] | |||
Uranium-235 fissile isotope | 144,000,000[1] | 1,500,000,000 | ||
Natural uranium (99.3% U-238, 0.7% U-235) in fast breeder reactor | 86,000,000 | |||
Reactor-grade uranium (3.5% U-235) in light-water reactor | 3,456,000 | 35% | ||
Pu-238 α-decay | 2,200,000 | |||
Hf-178m2 isomer | 1,326,000 | 17,649,060 | ||
Natural uranium (0.7% U235) in light-water reactor | 443,000 | 35% | ||
Ta-180m isomer | 41,340 | 689,964 | ||
Metallic hydrogen (recombination energy) | 216[2] | |||
Specific orbital energy of Low Earth orbit (approximate) | 33.0 | |||
Beryllium + Oxygen | 23.9[3] | |||
Lithium + Fluorine | 23.75[citation needed] | |||
Octaazacubane potential explosive | 22.9[4] | |||
Ammonia (NH3) | 16.9 | 11.5[5][circular reference] | ||
Hydrogen + Oxygen | 13.4[6] | |||
Gasoline + Oxygen –> Derived from Gasoline | 13.3[citation needed] | |||
Dinitroacetylene explosive - computed[citation needed] | 9.8 | |||
Octanitrocubane explosive | 8.5[7] | 16.9[8] | ||
Tetranitrotetrahedrane explosive - computed[citation needed] | 8.3 | |||
Heptanitrocubane explosive - computed[citation needed] | 8.2 | |||
Sodium (reacted with chlorine)[citation needed] | 7.0349 | |||
Hexanitrobenzene explosive | 7[9] | |||
Tetranitrocubane explosive - computed[citation needed] | 6.95 | |||
Ammonal (Al+NH4NO3 oxidizer)[citation needed] | 6.9 | 12.7 | ||
Tetranitromethane + hydrazine bipropellant - computed[citation needed] | 6.6 | |||
Nitroglycerin | 6.38[10] | 10.2[11] | ||
ANFO-ANNM[citation needed] | 6.26 | |||
battery, Lithium–air | 6.12 | |||
Octogen (HMX) | 5.7[10] | 10.8[12] | ||
TNT [Kinney, G.F.; K.J. Graham (1985). Explosive shocks in air. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-15147-0.][citation needed] | 4.610 | 6.92 | ||
Copper Thermite (Al + CuO as oxidizer)[citation needed] | 4.13 | 20.9 | ||
Thermite (powder Al + Fe2O3 as oxidizer) | 4.00 | 18.4 | ||
Hydrogen peroxide decomposition (as monopropellant) | 2.7 | 3.8 | ||
battery, Lithium-ion nanowire | 2.54 | 95%[clarification needed][13] | ||
battery, Lithium Thionyl Chloride (LiSOCl2)[14] | 2.5 | |||
Water 220.64 bar, 373.8 °C[citation needed][clarification needed] | 1.968 | 0.708 | ||
Kinetic energy penetrator [clarification needed] | 1.9 | 30 | ||
battery, Fluoride-ion [citation needed] | 1.7 | 2.8 | ||
battery, Hydrogen closed cycle H fuel cell[15] | 1.62 | |||
Hydrazine decomposition (as monopropellant) | 1.6 | 1.6 | ||
Ammonium nitrate decomposition (as monopropellant) | 1.4 | 2.5 | ||
Thermal Energy Capacity of Molten Salt | 1[citation needed] | 98%[16] | ||
Molecular spring approximate[citation needed] | 1 | |||
battery, Sodium–Sulfur | 0.72[17] | 1.23[citation needed] | 85%[18] | |
battery, Lithium–Manganese[19][20] | 0.83-1.01 | 1.98-2.09 | ||
battery, Lithium-ion[21][22] | 0.46-0.72 | 0.83-3.6[23] | 95%[24] | |
battery, Lithium–Sulfur[25] | 1.80[26] | 1.26 | ||
battery, Sodium–Nickel Chloride, High Temperature | 0.56 | |||
battery, Silver-oxide[19] | 0.47 | 1.8 | ||
Flywheel | 0.36-0.5[27][28] | |||
5.56 × 45 mm NATO bullet[clarification needed] | 0.4 | 3.2 | ||
battery, Nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), low power design as used in consumer batteries[29] | 0.4 | 1.55 | ||
battery, Zinc-manganese (alkaline), long life design[19][21] | 0.4-0.59 | 1.15-1.43 | ||
Liquid Nitrogen | 0.349 | |||
Water - Enthalpy of Fusion | 0.334 | 0.334 | ||
battery, Zinc Bromine flow (ZnBr)[30] | 0.27 | |||
battery, Nickel metal hydride (NiMH), High Power design as used in cars[31] | 0.250 | 0.493 | ||
battery, Nickel–Cadmium (NiCd)[21] | 0.14 | 1.08 | 80%[24] | |
battery, Zinc–Carbon[21] | 0.13 | 0.331 | ||
battery, Lead–acid[21] | 0.14 | 0.36 | ||
battery, Vanadium redox | 0.09[citation needed] | 0.1188 | 70-75% | |
battery, Vanadium–Bromide redox | 0.18 | 0.252 | 80%–90%[32] | |
Capacitor Ultracapacitor | 0.0199[33] | 0.050[citation needed] | ||
Capacitor Supercapacitor | 0.01[citation needed] | 80%–98.5%[34] | 39%–70%[34] | |
Superconducting magnetic energy storage | 0.008[35] | >95% | ||
Capacitor | 0.002[36] | |||
Neodymium magnet | 0.003[37] | |||
Ferrite magnet | 0.0003[37] | |||
Spring power (clock spring), torsion spring | 0.0003[38] | 0.0006 | ||
Storage type | Energy density by mass (MJ/kg) | Energy density by volume (MJ/L) | Peak recovery efficiency % | Practical recovery efficiency % |
Table 3: Input and Output Energy from Batteries
75 to 85 watt-hours per kilogram
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