Summary
Part of the troff suite of Unix document layout tools, eqn is a preprocessor that formats equations for printing. A similar program, neqn, accepted the same input as eqn, but produced output tuned to look better in nroff. The eqn program was created in 1974 by Brian Kernighan and Lorinda Cherry. It was implemented using yacc compiler-compiler.[1]
| Original author(s) | Brian Kernighan, Lorinda Cherry (AT&T Bell Laboratories) |
|---|---|
| Developer(s) | Various open-source and commercial developers |
| Initial release | June 1974 |
| Written in | C, Yacc[1] |
| Operating system | Unix, Unix-like, Plan 9 |
| Platform | Cross-platform |
| Type | Command |
| License | Plan 9: MIT License |
The input language used by eqn allows the user to write mathematical expressions in much the same way as they would be spoken aloud. The language is defined by a context-free grammar, together with operator precedence and operator associativity rules.[2] The eqn language is similar to the mathematical component of TeX, which appeared several years later, but is simpler and less complete.
An independent compatible implementation of the eqn preprocessor has been developed by GNU as part of groff, the GNU version of troff. The GNU implementation extends the original language by adding a number of new keywords such as smallover and accent. mandoc, a specialised compiler for UNIX man pages, also contains a standalone eqn parser/formatter.
History edit
Syntax examples edit
Here is how some examples would be written in eqn[3] (with equivalents in TeX for comparison):
| TeX | eqn | formula |
|---|---|---|
a^2
|
a sup 2
|
|
\sum_{k = 1}^N k^2
|
sum from { k = 1 } to N { k sup 2 }
|
|
x = {-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac} \over 2a}
|
x = {-b +- sqrt{b sup 2 - 4ac}} over 2a
|
Spaces are important in eqn; tokens are delimited only by whitespace characters, tildes ~, braces {} and double-quotes "". Thus f(pi r sup 2) results in , whereas f( pi r sup 2 ) is needed to give the intended .
References edit
- ^ a b c "UNIX Special: Profs Kernighan & Brailsford". Computerphile. September 30, 2015. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22.
- ^ Kernighan, Brian W.; Cherry, Lorinda L. (1975). "A System for Typesetting Mathematics". Communications of the ACM. 18 (3): 151–157. doi:10.1145/360680.360684. S2CID 155801.
- ^ Kernighan, Brian W.; Cherry, Lorinda (1978), Typesetting Mathematics — User’s Guide (PDF) (2nd ed.)
External links edit
- Typesetting Mathematics, User's Guide (Second Edition)
- UNIX man page for neqn(1) at the Wayback Machine (archived August 8, 2007)
- – Plan 9 Programmer's Manual, Volume 1