Let ${\displaystyle r=1/u}$ . Then the Binet equation for ${\displaystyle u(\varphi )}$  can be solved numerically for nearly any central force ${\displaystyle F(1/u)}$ . However, only a handful of forces result in formulae for ${\displaystyle u}$  in terms of known functions. The solution for ${\displaystyle \varphi }$  can be expressed as an integral over ${\displaystyle u}$ 

${\displaystyle \varphi =\varphi _{0}+{\frac {L}{\sqrt {2m}}}\int ^{u}{\frac {du}{\sqrt {E_{\mathrm {tot} }-V(1/u)-{\frac {L^{2}u^{2}}{2m}}}}}}$ 

A central-force problem is said to be "integrable" if this integration can be solved in terms of known functions.

If the force is a power law, i.e., if ${\displaystyle F(r)=ar^{n}}$ , then ${\displaystyle u}$  can be expressed in terms of circular functions and/or elliptic functions if ${\displaystyle n}$  equals 1, -2, -3 (circular functions) and -7, -5, -4, 0, 3, 5, -3/2, -5/2, -1/3, -5/3 and -7/3 (elliptic functions).^[1]

If the force is the sum of an inverse quadratic law and a linear term, i.e., if ${\displaystyle F(r)={\frac {a}{r^{2}}}+cr}$ , the problem also is solved explicitly in terms of Weierstrass elliptic functions.^[2]

• Whittaker ET (1937). A Treatise on the Analytical Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies, with an Introduction to the Problem of Three Bodies (4th ed.). New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-521-35883-5.
• Izzo,D. and Biscani, F. (2014). Exact Solution to the constant radial acceleration problem. Journal of Guidance Control and Dynamic.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)