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Ezra 5

Summary

Ezra 5 is the fifth chapter of the Book of Ezra in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible,[1] or the book of Ezra–Nehemiah in the Hebrew Bible, which treats the book of Ezra and book of Nehemiah as one book.[2] Jewish tradition states that Ezra is the author of Ezra–Nehemiah as well as the Book of Chronicles,[3] but modern scholars generally accept that a compiler from the 5th century BCE (the so-called "Chronicler") is the final author of these books.[4] The section comprising chapter 1 to 6 describes the history before the arrival of Ezra to the land of Judah [5][6] in 468 BCE.[7] This chapter records the contribution of the prophets Haggai and Zechariah to the temple building project and the investigation by Persian officials.[8]

Ezra 5
The whole book of Ezra–Nehemiah in the Leningrad Codex (1008 C.E.) from an old fascimile edition.
BookBook of Ezra
CategoryKetuvim
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part15

Text edit

This chapter is divided into 17 verses. The original text of this chapter is written in Aramaic.[9]

Textual witnesses edit

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Aramaic are of the Masoretic Text, which includes Codex Leningradensis (1008).[10][a] A fragment containing a part of this chapter in Hebrew was found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, 4Q117 (4QEzra; 50 BCE) with the extant verse 17 (= 1 Esdras 6:20).[12][13][14][15]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B;  B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A;  A; 5th century).[16][b]

An ancient Greek book called 1 Esdras (Greek: Ἔσδρας Αʹ) containing some parts of 2 Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah is included in most editions of the Septuagint and is placed before the single book of Ezra–Nehemiah (which is titled in Greek: Ἔσδρας Βʹ). 1 Esdras 6:1–22 is an equivalent of Ezra 5 (The second year of Darius's reign).[20][21]

Renewed effort (5:1–2) edit

Through the prophets Haggai and Zechariah, God sent the message of inspiration so the people began the repair of temple again[22]

Verse 1 edit

Then the prophets, Haggai the prophet, and Zechariah the son of Iddo, prophesied unto the Jews that were in Judah and Jerusalem in the name of the God of Israel, even unto them.[23]

The prophecies of Haggai and Zechariah are recorded in the Hebrew Bible in the Book of Haggai and Book of Zechariah respectively.[24] Haggai's prophecy period completely covers the time mentioned here (Ezra 4:24; 520 BC), whereas Zechariah's only partly.[24]

Verse 2 edit

Then rose up Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, and Jeshua the son of Jozadak, and began to build the house of God which is at Jerusalem: and with them were the prophets of God helping them.[25]
  • "Zerubbabel": is the leader of the group and of Davidic line (1 Chronicles 3:19), so he is associated with the messianic hope in the book of Zechariah, although none of it is mentioned in this book.[26] His office is not named in this book, but he is identified as the “governor of Judah” in Haggai 1:1, 14; 2:2.[5]
  • "Jeshua": or "Joshua".[27] His office is not named in this book, but he is identified as the “high priest” in Haggai 1:1, 12, 14; 2:2; Zechariah 3:1.[5]
  • "Jozadak": or "Jehozadak" (1 Chronicles 6:14).[28]

The investigation (5:3–17) edit

Based on the complaint of the non-Jews, the governor of the area began an investigation into the building project, interviewing the Jewish leaders and sending an inquiry to Darius, the king of Persia.[22]

Verse 3 edit

’’At the same time Tattenai, the governor beyond the River came to them, with Shetharbozenai, and their companions, and asked them, "Who gave you a decree to build this house, and to finish this wall?"[29]
  • Tattenai was the governor beyond the River, that is, "Persian governor of the province west of the Euphrates River (eber nāri, "beyond the river") during the reign of Darius I" (522–486 BCE).[30] A number of cuneiform tablets bearing the name Tattenai have survived as part of what may have been a family archive, with one tablet functioning as a promissory note bearing a witness to the transaction involving a servant of "Tattannu, governor of Across-the-River".[31] The clay tablet can be dated accurately to June 5, 502 BCE (the 20th year of Darius I).[32]
  • ”House”: refers to "Temple".[33]

Verse 6 edit

The copy of the letter that Tattenai, the governor beyond the River, and Shetharbozenai, and his companions the Apharsachites, who were beyond the River, sent to Darius the king follows.[34]
  • "The Apharsachites": is considered the same as "Apharsites" and "Apharsathchites" (Ezra 4:9) as the three forms of provincial variants of the word "Parsaya" in Daniel 6:28, which is the Chaldaean equivalent of "Persian", so these people as the "companions" of Tatnai and Shethar-boznai are possibly the Persians who became their body-guard and their soldiers.[35]

Verse 8 edit

Be it known to the king that we went into the province of Judah, to the house of the great God, which is built with great stones, and timber is laid in the walls. This work goes on with diligence and prospers in their hands.[36]
  • "House": refers to "Temple".[37]
  • "Great stones": lit. "stones of rolling", that is, "stones too heavy to be carried",[38] which were therefore moved on rollers.[39]

Verse 11 edit

And thus they returned us an answer, saying: “We are the servants of the God of heaven and earth, and we are rebuilding the temple that was built many years ago, which a great king of Israel built and completed.[40]

The "great king of Israel" was Solomon.[39] The conventional dates of Solomon's reign are about 970 to 931 BCE. The Jewish historian Josephus says that "the temple was burnt four hundred and seventy years, six months, and ten days after it was built".[41]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Since 1947 the current text of Aleppo Codex is missing the whole book of Ezra-Nehemiah.[11]
  2. ^ The extant Codex Sinaiticus only contains Ezra 9:9–10:44.[17][18][19]

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ Halley 1965, p. 233.
  2. ^ Grabbe 2003, p. 313.
  3. ^ Babylonian Talmud Baba Bathra 15a, apud Fensham 1982, p. 2
  4. ^ Fensham 1982, pp. 2–4.
  5. ^ a b c Grabbe 2003, p. 314.
  6. ^ Fensham 1982, p. 4.
  7. ^ Davies, G. I., Introduction to the Pentateuch in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary Archived 2017-11-22 at the Wayback Machine, p. 19
  8. ^ Levering 2007, p. 69, 72.
  9. ^ Note d on Ezra 4:8 in NKJV: "The original language of Ezra 4:8 through 6:18 is Aramaic".
  10. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 36–37.
  11. ^ P. W. Skehan (2003), "BIBLE (TEXTS)", New Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 2 (2nd ed.), Gale, pp. 355–362
  12. ^ Ulrich 2010, p. 777.
  13. ^ Dead sea scrolls - Ezra
  14. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 43.
  15. ^ 4Q117 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  16. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
  17. ^ Würthwein 1973.
  18. ^ Swete 1902, pp. 129–130.
  19. ^ Fenlon 1908.
  20. ^ Souvay 1909.
  21. ^ Gottheil, Littmann & Kohler 1903.
  22. ^ a b Larson, Dahlen & Anders 2005, p. 56.
  23. ^ Ezra 5:1 KJV
  24. ^ a b McConville 1985, p. 32.
  25. ^ Ezra 5:2 KJV
  26. ^ McConville 1985, p. 14.
  27. ^ Notes [a] on Ezra 3:2 in NKJV
  28. ^ Notes [a] on Ezra 5:2 in NKJV
  29. ^ Ezra 5:3 WEB
  30. ^ Tattenai at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  31. ^ Mykytiuk 2014, pp. 42–50.
  32. ^ Mykytiuk 2017, p. 48.
  33. ^ Notes [a] on Ezra 5:3 in NKJV
  34. ^ Ezra 5:6 WEB
  35. ^ Spence-Jones & Exell 1884.
  36. ^ Ezra 5:8 WEB
  37. ^ Notes [a] on Ezra 5:8 in NKJV
  38. ^ Note e on Ezra 5:8 in NKJV
  39. ^ a b Ryle, H. E. (1901), Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Ezra 5, accessed 21 June 2020
  40. ^ Ezra 5:11 NKJV
  41. ^ Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. 10.8.5..

Sources edit

  • Fenlon, John Francis (1908). "Codex Sinaiticus" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  • Fensham, F. Charles (1982). The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah. New international commentary on the Old Testament (illustrated ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0802825278. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
  • Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 9780802862419.
  •   Gottheil, Richard; Littmann, Enno; Kohler, Kaufmann (1903). "Esdras, Books of". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
  • Grabbe, Lester L. (2003). "Ezra". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible (illustrated ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 313–319. ISBN 978-0802837110. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
  • Halley, Henry H. (1965). Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary (24th (revised) ed.). Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN 0-310-25720-4.
  • Larson, Knute; Dahlen, Kathy; Anders, Max E. (2005). Anders, Max E. (ed.). Holman Old Testament Commentary - Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther. Holman Old Testament commentary. Vol. 9 (illustrated ed.). B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0805494693. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
  • Levering, Matthew (2007). Ezra & Nehemiah. Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible. Brazos Press. ISBN 978-1587431616. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
  • McConville, J. G. (1985). Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther. The daily study Bible : Old Testament. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0664245832. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
  • Mykytiuk, Lawrence (2014). "Archaeology Confirms 50 Real People in the Bible". Biblical Archaeology Review. 40 (2): 42–50.
  • Mykytiuk, Lawrence (2017). "Archaeology confirms 3 more bible people". Biblical Archaeology Review. 43 (3): 48–52.
  • Smith-Christopher, Daniel L. (2007). "15. Ezra-Nehemiah". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 308–324. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  • Spence-Jones, H. D. M.; Exell, Joseph S., eds. (1884). The Pulpit Commentary. Vol. 7. Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther, Job.
  • Souvay, Charles Léon (1909). "Esdras" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  • Swete, Henry Barclay (1902). An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek. Cambridge: Macmillan and Co.
  • Ulrich, Eugene, ed. (2010). The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants. Brill.
  • Würthwein, Ernst (1973). Der Text des Alten Testaments: eine Einführung in die Biblia Hebraica. Württembergische Bibelanstalt. ISBN 978-3-438-06006-8.
  • Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.

External links edit

  • Jewish translations:
    • Ezra - Chapter 5 (Judaica Press) translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
  • Christian translations:
    • Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
    • Book of Ezra Chapter 5. Bible Gateway

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