Summary
F minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A♭, B♭, C, D♭, and E♭. Its key signature consists of four flats. Its relative major is A-flat major and its parallel major is F major. Its enharmonic equivalent, E-sharp minor, has six sharps and the double sharp F
, which makes it impractical to use.
| Relative key | A-flat major |
|---|---|
| Parallel key | F major |
| Dominant key | C minor |
| Subdominant | B-flat minor |
| Component pitches | |
| F, G, A♭, B♭, C, D♭, E♭ | |
Scale and scale-degree chords edit
The F natural minor scale is
Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The F harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are
The scale-degree chords of F minor are:
- Tonic – F minor
- Supertonic – G diminished
- Mediant – A-flat major
- Subdominant – B-flat minor
- Dominant – C minor
- Submediant – D-flat major
- Subtonic – E-flat major
Music in F minor edit
Famous pieces in the key of F minor include Beethoven's Appassionata Sonata, Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 2, Ballade No. 4, Haydn's Symphony No. 49, La Passione and Tchaikovsky’s Symphony No. 4.
Glenn Gould once said if he could be any key, he would be F minor, because "it's rather dour, halfway between complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness."[1]
Hermann von Helmholtz once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. Christian Schubart described this key as "Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave".[2]
Notable compositions edit
- Giovanni Battista Pergolesi
- Antonio Vivaldi
- "Winter" from The Four Seasons, RV 297
- Johann Sebastian Bach
- Joseph Haydn
- Symphony No. 49 ("La Passione")
- Variations in F minor
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
- Aria "L'ho perduta, me meschina" from The Marriage of Figaro, act 4
- Adagio and Allegro in F minor for a mechanical organ, K. 594
- Jan Ladislav Dussek
- Ludwig van Beethoven
- Egmont, Op. 84: Overture in F minor
- Piano Sonata No. 1, Op. 2/1
- Piano Sonata No. 23 (Appassionata), Op. 57
- String Quartet No. 11 "Serioso", Op. 95
- Felix Mendelssohn
- Carl Maria von Weber
- Frédéric Chopin
- Charles-Valentin Alkan
- Franz Liszt
- Franz Schubert
- Fantasia in F minor
- Impromptu No. 1, Op. 142
- Impromptu No. 4, Op. 142
- Robert Schumann
- Johannes Brahms
- Piano Quintet, Op. 34
- Piano Sonata No. 3, Op. 5
- Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
- Anton Bruckner
- Alexander Borodin
- Paul Dukas
- Ralph Vaughan Williams
- Dmitri Shostakovich
- Symphony No. 1
- String Quartet No. 11, Op. 122
- Johann Pachelbel
E-sharp minor edit
| Relative key | G-sharp major (theoretical) →enharmonic: A-flat major |
|---|---|
| Parallel key | E-sharp major (theoretical) →enharmonic: F major |
| Dominant key | B-sharp minor (theoretical) →enharmonic: C minor |
| Subdominant | A-sharp minor |
| Enharmonic | F minor |
| Component pitches | |
| E♯, F , G♯, A♯, B♯, C♯, D♯ | |
E-sharp minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note E♯, consisting of the pitches E♯, F , G♯, A♯, B♯, C♯ and D♯. Its key signature has one double sharp and six sharps (or eight sharps). Its relative major is G-sharp major, which is usually replaced by A-flat major. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by F major, as E-sharp major’s four double-sharps make it impractical to use. It's enharmonic minor is F minor whose key signature has four flats. Because of that enharmonic relationship, it is usually noted as the enharmonic equivalent of F minor instead of E-sharp minor.
The E-sharp natural minor scale is:
Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are:
Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in Johann Sebastian Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in C-sharp major. (E-sharp minor is the mediant minor key of C-sharp major.)
The scale-degree chords of E-sharp minor are:
- Tonic – E-sharp minor
- Supertonic – F-double-sharp diminished
- Mediant – G-sharp major
- Subdominant – A-sharp minor
- Dominant – B-sharp minor
- Submediant – C-sharp major
- Subtonic – D-sharp major
See also edit
Notes edit
External links edit
Media related to F minor at Wikimedia Commons
