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Fascism in Peru

Summary

Fascism in Peru comprises a number of movements and parties in Peru which espoused and promoted fascism in the South American nation. Peru experienced fascist-led governments through the 1930s, though its popularity declined in the 1940s during World War II. Into the twenty first century, neofascism has emerged in Peru, especially during the Peruvian political crisis.

History edit

20th century edit

Origins edit

 
José de la Riva-Agüero, founder of the Fascist Brotherhood

Historian José Ignacio López Soria outlined fascism in Peru, focusing on its main emergence during the 1930s.[1][2] López Soria organized Peruvian fascism into three groups; aristocratic fascism as promoted by José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma, mesocratic fascism as supported by Raúl Ferrero Rebagliati, and finally popular fascism as espoused by Unión Revolucionaria (Revolutionary Union).[1][2]

The Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Catholic Action and other Catholic groups supported Ferrero Rebagliati's concept of mesocratic fascism.[1][2] The mesocratic movement opposed the historic ruling class and sought to promote the needs of mestizos to build support among the diverse groups in Peru.[2] The movement was inspired by the National Fascist Party, Nazism and Falangism.[1][2]

Another main outlet for fascism became the Peruvian Fascist Brotherhood, formed by ex-Prime Minister José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma. Riva-Agüero became more supportive of fascism after he returned to Catholicism in 1932, believing, according to López Soria, that Peru should "return to the medieval, Catholic, Hispanic tradition as embodied now by fascism"[1][2] and he used the teachings of Bartolomé Herrera and Alejandro Deustua to support his ideology.[3] The Fascist Brotherhood initially enjoyed some prestige but it receded into the background after Peru entered the Second World War on the side of the Allies.[4] Moreover, the group's credibility was damaged by its leader becoming increasingly eccentric in his personal behaviour.[4]

Fascist governments edit

 
Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro, founder of Revolutionary Union speaking to supporters in 1930

The most popular fascist faction in Peru was Revolutionary Union (UR),[2] which was initially founded by President Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro in 1931 as the state party of his dictatorship. President Sánchez Cerro, who had humble origins, was highly charismatic, familiar with the populace's customs and was recognized as courageous after overthrowing President Augusto B. Leguía.[2] UR quickly found support from former Civilista Party members and the traditional oligarchy families who wanted to protect themselves from other populist movements.[2] After President Sánchez Cerro's assassination in 1933, the group came under the leadership of Luis A. Flores, who sought to mobilise mass support and even set up a Blackshirt movement in imitation of the Italian model.[5][6] Óscar R. Benavides, who took office after the assassination, also led an authoritarian fascist regime from 1933 to 1939.[1][2][7] During his government, Benavides built a strong relationship with Peru's business leaders.[7]

The Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (APRA) was inspired by Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre's observations of fascist and communist parties during his time in Europe.[8] During the 1930s APRA developed certain similarities with fascism, such as calling for a new national community and founding a small paramilitary wing, but then it very quickly changed course and emerged as a mainstream social democratic party.[9][10]

In 1944, APRA formed the National Democratic Front political coalition beside the far-right Reformist Democratic Party and the fascist Revolutionary Union party, excluding the Peruvian Communist Party.[11] The alliance led to the triumph of ultraconservative José Luis Bustamante y Rivero becoming president the same year.[11] The overall defeat of Revolutionary Union in the 1944 elections shook confidence in the movement and it faded.[5]

21st century edit

Ultraconservative groups began to emerge in Peru around 2017 when proposals to introduce gender studies to education curricula occurred.[12] La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia, a self-described Fujimorist and far-right organization,[13] has been independently described as neofascist.[14][15][16][17] Members have been seen using fascist symbolism, wearing black uniforms, using the swastika, waving the Cross of Burgundy and gesturing the fascist salute at events, which was described as being similar to the Nazi salute.[13][14][15][18][16][19] La Resistencia has denied its support of fascism.[20]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f López Soria, José Ignacio (1981). El Pensamiento fascista, 1930-1945 (in Spanish). Mosca Azul Editores.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ciccarelli, Orazio (August 1990). "Fascism and Politics in Peru during the Benavides Regime, 1933-39: The Italian Perspective". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 70 (3): 405. doi:10.2307/2516615.
  3. ^ Castillo-García, César (2022). The crooked timber that bore fruit: Peruvian fascist intellectuals of the 1930s and the echoes of their influence nowadays. The New School for Social Research.
  4. ^ a b Rees 1990, p. 324.
  5. ^ a b Payne, Stanley George (1996). A History of Fascism, 1914-1945. Routledge. pp. 343–344.
  6. ^ "BALANCE Y LIQUIDACION DE UNA EPOCA VIOLENTA". Presente (20): 6. 1957-04-20.
  7. ^ a b Suárez Trejo, Javier (February 2019). "From Romana Gens to cumbiatella: propaganda, migration and identity in Italo-Peruvian mobilities". Modern Italy. 24 (1): 21–44. doi:10.1017/mit.2018.28.
  8. ^ Nugent, David (November 2010). "States, secrecy, subversives: APRA and political fantasy in mid-20th-century Peru". American Ethnologist. 37 (4): 701. doi:10.1111/j.1548-1425.2010.01278.x. As a number of authors have noted, Victor Raúl Haya de la Torre, who had founded the party and was responsible for its organization, had been heavily influenced by the discipline and order of fascist and communist parties during his trip to Europe in the 1920s.
  9. ^ Griffin 1991, pp. 148–152.
  10. ^ Gunson, Phil; Thompson, Andrew; Chamberlain, Greg (1989). The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of South America. London: Routledge. p. 13.
  11. ^ a b Villanueva, Victor; Crabtree, Peter (Summer 1977). "The Petty-Bourgeois Ideology of the Peruvian Aprista Party". Latin American Perspectives. 4 (3): 73. doi:10.1177/0094582X7700400303. S2CID 154846540. In the elections of 1939 APRA stood ready to ally with ... the fascist Union Revolucionaria (UR) whose leader, Luis A. Flores, described himself as a "fascist by temperament and conviction" ... APRA allied itself to Manuel Prado, ... Apristas who had already voted for Prado, and his triumph was due to this support and to the electoral fraud effected by Benavides. In 1944 APRA formed part of the reformist Frente Democratico Nacional (FDN) ... including the fascist UR, ... The triumph of the FDN made Dr. Bustamante y Rivero the new President; he belonged to the ultra-conservative sector ... In the elections called in 1950 ... the Aprista Party supported the candidacy of the ultra-conservative General Ernesto Montagne, an ex-minister in the Sanchez Cerro and Benavides dictatorships.
  12. ^ "La extrema derecha emerge en la crispada coyuntura política de Perú". Público. 2021-08-25. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
  13. ^ a b "Perú: ultraderechismo y pedidos de "vacancia" a poco de iniciar el Gobierno de Pedro Castillo". France 24. 2021-11-05. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
  14. ^ a b "'La Pestilencia' por dentro". IDL-Reporteros (in Spanish). 20 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  15. ^ a b Mitrovic, Mijail (2021). "At the fabric of history: Peru's political struggle under (and against) the pandemic". Dialectical Anthropology. 45 (4): 431–446. The deaths of the two young men led to a dispute over public space that prefigured the following months: the memorials erected spontaneously by citizens were repeatedly razed to the ground by the pro-Fujimori group La Resistencia, a far-right shock troop that months later would boast of shouting "no to communism" with the fascist gesture of the raised right arm during the second round between Keiko Fujimori (Fuerza Popular) and Pedro Castillo (Perú Libre).
  16. ^ a b Rojas, Fernanda (2021-12-19). "La Resistencia: El grupo extremista que amenaza con desestabilizar Perú". La Tercera. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
  17. ^ Drinot, Paulo (17 March 2022). "Peruvian Stasis". New Left Review. Retrieved 21 May 2023. neofascist groups like La Resistencia, with close ties to the fujimorista movement, have sought to intimidate government ministers, independent journalists and feminist activists.
  18. ^ "La extrema derecha emerge en la crispada coyuntura política de Perú". Público. 2021-08-25. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
  19. ^ "La extrema derecha en el Perú hoy". LATINDADD (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-05-21.
  20. ^ "Perú: ultraderechismo y pedidos de "vacancia" a poco de iniciar el Gobierno de Pedro Castillo". France 24. 2021-11-05. Retrieved 2023-05-21.

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