Daniel J. O'Conor and Herbert A. Faber, employees with Westinghouse Electric, filed a patent grant for a laminate as a substitute for mica used as electrical insulation. U.S. Patent No. 1,284,432 was granted on November 12, 1918.[4] The material evolved to become Formica which is now used for many applications.[5]
February 2, 1913 (Sunday)edit
The first train departed from New York City's Grand Central Terminal, having been rebuilt, opened a moment after midnight as the world's largest train station. At 12:01 am, the Boston Express No. 2 became the first train to depart, with a Mr. F. M. Lamh of Yonkers, New York credited as the first person to buy a ticket in the new terminal. On its first day, between 12:01 am and 7:00 pm, the new station attracted 150,000 visitors.[6] "At the height of its activity, in the years just after the Second World War", one historian noted, "Grand Central served about the same number of passengers as the world's busiest airport does today, even though Grand Central uses only 1 percent as much land as the airport does."[7]
At 11:00 am local time, five minutes after the Delaware House of Representatives had received the state Senate resolution for ratification, Delaware became the 36th state to vote in favor of the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, allowing Congress to create a federal income tax. The vote in both state houses was unanimous.[13] With three-fourths of the 48 U.S. states having ratified the amendment, "The first change in the Federal Constitution in forty-three years was made certain." Wyoming and New Mexico voted their approval later in the day.[14]
The German railroad car manufacturer Gothaer Waggonfabrik began an aviation division, which would create one of the first heavy bombers used in war: the Gotha twin-engine bomber that was used for bombing raids on England during World War I.[15]
The Hippodrome opened in Aldershot, England with a billing to show variety shows twice a night. The building was eventually demolished in 1961.[18]
February 4, 1913 (Tuesday)edit
The President of El Salvador, Manuel Enrique Araujo, was fatally wounded by assassins, although the initial report was that "none of the wounds is considered serious".[19] Araujo died five days later.[20] American warships were dispatched to Central America to stop the threat of a revolution.
The wife of British Antarctic explorer Robert Falcon Scott departed from Los Angeles on the way to meet her husband in New Zealand. Mrs. Scott, unaware that her husband had died in Antarctica, told reporters, "I expect to meet Capt. Scott in Lytleton in March... I have not heard from my husband for about eighteen months, but I have no doubt whatsoever that he will arrive in New Zealand safely." The next day, she set off from San Francisco on the steamer Aorangi.[21]
First Lieutenant Michael Moutoussis and Ensign Aristeidis Moraitinis of the Greek Navy conducted the first aerial attack on a warship in history, dropping four bombs on Turkish ships in the Dardanelles, albeit without inflicting any casualties.[22]
Spain resumed diplomatic relations with the Vatican after a nearly three-year break. Fermin Calbeton y Planchon presented his credentials to the Pope, and then spoke with the Pontiff in the latter's private residence.[27]
Born:Takeo Nakasawa, Japanese mathematician who conceived the theory of matroid but whose work was unpublicized until more than 60 years after his death (d. 1946)
Bulgaria refused to allow foreigners to leave Adrianople in advance of the city's conquest.[31]
Born:Mary Leakey, British anthropologist who discovered the first Proconsul skull, a primate considered an ancestor to humans; wife of Louis Leakey; as Mary Douglas Nicol, in London (d. 1996)
February 7, 1913 (Friday)edit
Opera singer Vanni Marcoux, baritone and star of the Boston Opera Company, was hospitalized with a concussion sustained while he had been taking his bows. Marcoux had been enjoying the thunderous applause of the audience and did not realize that he was standing directly below the heavy stage curtain as it was being lowered, and was struck on the head.[32]
Russian pilot N. de Sackoff becomes the first pilot shot down in combat when his biplane was hit by ground fire following a bombing run on the walls of Fort Bezhani during the First Balkan War. Flying for Greece, he came down near Preveza, on the coast north of the Ionian island of Lefkada, where he secured local Greek assistance, repaired his airplane, and flew back to base.[33]
For the first time in more than 110 years, an incumbent U.S. President personally spoke before a house of the United States Congress. U.S. President William Howard Taft appeared before a session of the United States Senate to deliver a eulogy for the late Vice-President, James S. Sherman, who had died in November. "Not since 1801," the New York Times observed, "has the President spoken directly to either house of Congress." Thomas Jefferson had set the precedent of communicating to Congress by written message only, which in turn had broken the tradition set by Presidents George Washington and John Adams in speaking at the opening of Congress.[34]
The United States and Nicaragua signed the Wertzel-Chamorro Treaty, with the U.S. paying $3 million to Nicaragua for the option to build a canal across the nation to link the Atlantic and Pacific, and the right to set up bases on Corn Island and the Gulf of Fonseca. Construction of the Panama Canal was almost complete; the U.S. Senate's session ended before the treaty could be voted on.[35]
What would later be called the Ten Tragic Days ("La Decena Trágica") began when Mexican Army cadets loyal to Generals Felix Diaz and Bernardo Reyes violently freed them from prison in Mexico City where they had been jailed for leading government revolts last November.[36]
Explorer Douglas Mawson, the last surviving member of a three member party of explorers on the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, made it back to the expedition's base at Cape Denison. Mawson, who had suffered frostbite and illness during his trek to the base, arrived to be informed that the expedition ship Aurora had departed a few hours earlier, and that another ship would not relieve the base for another year.[37]
At Mansfield, England, thirteen coal miners at the Bolsover Colliery were killed when a bucket with 800 gallons of water fell from a chain, and crashed into the workers 500 feet below.[38]
The Ottoman Navy warship Asar-i Tevfik ran aground while on raid on Bulgarian ports during the First Balkan War. Despite attempts to salvage her, the ship was considered a total loss.[39]
Died:John George Brown, 81, British-American painter, known for his depictions of ordinary New York City children described as "street urchins" (b. 1831)
February 9, 1913 (Sunday)edit
Former General Bernardo Reyesattempted to lay siege on the presidential palace in Mexico City but Palace Guard commander Lauro Villar Ochoa, who was dressed in civilian clothes on his way to the palace, observed Reyes troops mobilizing to attack and was able to alert the guards in time. The resulting gun battle killed 400 soldiers and civilians and injured 1,000, including Reyes who was shot off his mount as he led the attack on horse. PresidentFrancisco I. Madero heard of the attack from his residence three miles away and tried to get to the presidential palace, but was stopped short. He then met with General Victoriano Huerta and appointed him commander of the federal army in the nation's capital. Meanwhile, Felix Diaz took control of the main armory outside Mexico City.[41][42]
At 9:05 pm time, hundreds of people in Toronto observed a series of brilliant meteors streaking across the sky. The procession, first visible in the skies above Mortlach, Saskatchewan, moved south-easterly across North America. It was observed by Col. W. R. Winter from a position on Bermuda. It was reported by seven ships at sea, and then last reported off the eastern tip of Brazil near Cape Sao Roque. The procession was not observed by Professor Clarence Chant, of the Astronomy Department of the University of Toronto, but on the following day he was inundated with phone calls and letters from witnesses to the event. He systematically plotted the path of the procession, and reported his findings in a 73-page report tabled in the May–June 1913 edition of the Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. A witness to the event was Toronto artist Gustav Hahn who made a painting following his observation. This event is also known as the "Cyrillids" because the event happened on St. Cyril's Day. In 2000, author Patrick Moore would write, "Nothing similar had ever been seen before, and nothing similar has been seen since."[43]
The inaugural football match for the Campo de O'Donnell stadium was played between Madrid and Bilbao, with the host team defeated 4-0.[44] The stadium had the same name as the stadium for local rivals Real Madrid, which was situated 200 meters away on the same boulevard of Calle de O'Donnell.[45]
February 10, 1913 (Monday)edit
The world learned the fate of Robert Falcon Scott and the other members of his Antarctic exploration team, who had perished after reaching the South Pole. The news was brought with the return of the Terra Nova.[46]
The Taishō political crisis began in Japan, when Prime Minister Katsura Tarō and his cabinet resigned, the day after tens of thousands of protesters surrounded the Parliament Building.[53]
Five West Virginia state legislators were arrested on charges of accepting bribes in advance of a vote on the state's U.S. Senator. The six were charged with receiving a total of $20,000 to vote in favor of Senate candidate William Seymour Edwards.[55] Two days later, another six were indicted and "Every member of the West Virginia Legislature, save those against whom indictments have been returned" was issued a summons to appear before a special grand jury.[56]
Franz Schuhmeier, a Socialist member of the Austrian parliament, was assassinated at a railway station in Vienna. His killer, Paul Kunschak, was the brother of one of Schuhmeier's opponents in the Chamber of Deputies, a member of the Christian Socialist Party. Schuhmeier, who had led the fight for universal suffrage in Austria, was mourned by 250,000 people.[57]
The electoral votes were canvassed in a joint session of the United States Congress, and Woodrow Wilson was officially proclaimed as the winner of the election.[62]
Mary Harris Jones, the 83-year-old labor activist remembered as "Mother Jones", was arrested in Charleston, West Virginia after leading a group of miners to confront GovernorWilliam E. Glasscock.[65] Transported to an area of Charleston that was under martial law because of confrontations between striking coal miners and company police, Jones would be tried by a military court in March, on charges of conspiracy to commit murder. Convicted on the charges, she would be sentenced to three years imprisonment, but released by the new Governor after 85 days.[66]
Outgoing U.S. President William Howard Taft vetoed the Burnett-Dillingham Immigration Bill, that would have turned away immigrant heads of families who were unable to pass a literacy test.[72] The veto would survive an attempt at an override; a historian would note later that, "Following his conscience and the advice of Charles Nagel, [Taft] defended his long-standing belief that immigration was an economic boon to the country and that Southern and Eastern Europeans could assimilate as readily as Northern and Western Europeans... Taft left the gates of America open for many immigrants as he left the White House."[73]
China's Minister of Education opened the Conference on Unification of Pronunciation, the first attempt to create common standards for the Chinese language, with 44 delegates meeting in Beijing.[76]
Emilio Vasquez Gomez crossed the U.S.-Mexican border at Columbus, New Mexico into Palomas, and proclaimed himself as President of Mexico, with plans to journey to the capital to take office.[78]
Former Venezuelan President Cipriano Castro was permitted entry into the United States by federal court order.[79]
West of Pierre, South Dakota, Hattie May Foster, a 14-year-old student, spotted the corner of a lead marker sticking out of the ground and unearthed it.[82] What Foster had located was a marker that had been set 170 years earlier by a team of French explorers under the command of Pierre Gaultier de La Vérendrye and François de La Vérendrye, who had marked the furthest point explored by them before they began their journey home. Inscribed on one side was "Anno XXVI Regni Ludovici XV Prorege; Illustrissimo Domino Domino Marchione; De Beauharnois M D CC XXXXI; Petrus Gaultier de Laverendrie Posvit", and on the other "Pose par le Chevalier de Lavr to jo Louy la Londette Amiotte, Le 30 de mars 1743" (March 30, 1743).[83]
Relief forces under command of Aureliano Blanquetarrived in Mexico City but refused to fight for the Mexican government, allowing a nine-hour armistice to go into effect in Mexico City.[84]
Joseph Hertz of New York City was elected as Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the British Empire. He received 298 votes against 39 for Moses Hyamson.[85]
George Lewis Becke, 57, Australian writer, known for his story collections By Reef and Palm and Ebbing of the Tide (b. 1855)
February 19, 1913 (Wednesday)edit
Gustavo A. Madero, brother of the deposed President, was executed on orders of General Félix Díaz. Gustavo was "subjected to the 'fugitive law'", where prisoners were released and given a chance to flee while guns were fired at them.[92]
An attempt to override U.S. President William Howard Taft's veto of the Immigration Bill failed in the House by five votes, after having passed the Senate, 72–18, the day before. Although the vote was 213–114 in favor of overcoming the President's veto, two-thirds (218) of the 327 representatives present were required to agree.[93]
The most destructive fire in Tokyo, in almost 60 years, broke out at a Salvation Army hall in the Kanda district, spread over one-half of a square mile, and destroyed 1,500 homes and buildings.[96]
Mexico's "Ten Tragic Days" closed as the last day of fighting against rebel forces ended when mounted police stormed the armory and were cut down by machine gun fire, resulting in 67 dead and wounded. In total, 5,500 people were killed or wounded in the ten days of fighting.[97]
Steel manufacturer Hesteel Serbia began operations as SARTID in Belgrade. The company went bankrupt and languished in the 2000s until it was purchased and revived by the Hesteel Group in 2016.[98]
Four days after their forced resignations, former Mexican President Francisco I. Madero, and Vice-President José María Pino Suárezwere shot to death after being transported from the presidential palace to a prison.[100] The official explanation by current President Victoriano Huerta was that the two men were being transported in automobiles and "two-thirds of the way to the penitentiary, they were attacked by an armed group...and the prisoners tried to escape. An exchange of shots then took place in which one of the attacking party was killed, two were wounded and both prisoners killed."[101] Other accounts were that Major Francisco Cardenas, who was escorting the prisoners, shot both men[102] and that President Huerta was told by U.S. Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson to do "whatever he thought best for the country", after which "Huerta did just that", having the two men executed at the prison.[103] The subsequent government investigation "resulted in a decision that no one could be held legally responsible".[104]
Harcourt Butler, the Secretary of State for Education in British India, specified the goals for creating 14 universities across India.[105]
U.S. District Judge Nathan Goff Jr. was elected as U.S. Senator for West Virginia by the state legislature, with 49 votes, compared to 14 votes for the three other candidates.[107]
U.S. President William Howard Taft dispatched 4,000 men to Galveston, Texas, for a possible deployment to Mexico.[108] The force was increased two days later to 10,000 people.[109]
The United States Naval Academy, which would later be ranked by the Helms Athletic Foundation as the best team of the 1912-13 men's basketball season, closed its schedule with a 67-18 win over Georgetown University and a 9-0 finish. The Midshipmen outscored their opponents 501-187 in nine games, defeating them by an average of 35 points per game.
Joseph Stalin was arrested by the Russian secret police agency, the Okhrana, upon his arrival at the Kalashnikov Exchange at Saint Petersburg, where International Women's Day was being celebrated. The future dictator of the Soviet Union, Stalin would be imprisoned for the next four years by the Tsarist government, until his release in 1917 a few months before the Russian Revolution.[114]
The United Synagogue of America held its initial meeting, at which time it changed to its present name from the working title of "Agudath Jeshurun- A Union for Promoting Traditional Judaism in America".[115]
Born:Sabine Sicaud, French girl poet who published Poèmes d'Enfant at 13 and died at age 15; in Villeneuve-sur-Lot (d. 1928 of osteomyelitis)
February 24, 1913 (Monday)edit
The first radio transmission from Antarctica was made, with Australasian Expedition leader Douglas Mawson telegraphing a message by wireless to Australia.[119]
United States Secretary of StatePhilander C. Knox proclaimed that the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution had been ratified by the necessary three-fourths of the states, officially making a federal income tax part of the Constitution.[122] An 1894 attempt by the U.S. government to tax incomes had been found unconstitutional, except as regards salaries and wages. The first federal income tax laws passed, after the Amendment took effect, provided for a rate of one percent for incomes of $20,000 or less[123]
Hermann Lenz, German writer, best known for the Eugen-Rapp series roughly based on his own life and his correspondences to Romanian-German poet Paul Celan and Austrian novelist Peter Handke; in Stuttgart, Germany (d. 1998)
Bud Fowler, 54, American baseball player, the earliest known African-American to play professional baseball for an all-white team; 2022 inductee to the Baseball Hall of Fame (b. 1858)
February 27, 1913 (Thursday)edit
The concept of the "isotope", referring to a variation of a chemical element containing the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, was introduced by British radiochemistFrederick Soddy, in a February 27 address before Britain's Royal Society, when he referred to "atoms of the same chemical properties, non-separable by any known process"; the term itself, suggested to Soddy by his friend, Edinburgh physician Margaret Todd, would not be introduced until December 4, when he used it in the British scientific journal Nature.[128]
At least 20 people were killed in a fire at the Dewey Hotel in Omaha, Nebraska.[129]
Proof of the existence of the pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis) was demonstrated by German animal merchant Carl Hagenbeck in Liberia. After "having made sure that the species was much less rare than he had thought", Hagenbeck shot and killed one. The next day, he would capture a live pygmy hippo.[130]
The Webb-Kenyon bill, prohibiting the interstate shipment of alcohol into dry territory for purposes of resale, passed by the House and the Senate, was vetoed by U.S. President William Howard Taft. The veto would be overridden the same day by the Senate, and the next day by the House.[132]
^The Hippodrome Theatre on 'The Music Hall and Theatre History Website
^"Wound Salvador President", New York Times, February 6, 1913
^"Wounded President Dies", New York Times, February 10, 1913
^"Starts to Meet Explorer", New York Times, February 5, 1913
^Walter J. Boyne, ed., Air Warfare: an International Encyclopedia: A-L (ABC-CLIO, 2002) pp. 66, 268
^Ringer, Mark (2006). Opera's First Master: The Musical Dramas of Claudio Monteverdi. Newark N.J.: Amadeus Press. p. 132. ISBN 1-57467-110-3.
^Keith Hitchins, Rumania 1866-1947 (Oxford University Press, 1994) p. 152
^Markham, Ian S.; Hawkins, J. Barney; Terry, Justyn; Steffensen, Leslie Nuñez (2013). The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to the Anglican Communion. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 521–523. ISBN 978-1-118-32086-0.
^"Katsura Censured by Diet", New York Times, February 6, 1913
^"Spain's Envoy at Vatican, New York Times, February 6, 1913
^"Curtain Knocks Out Singer", Washington Post, February 8, 1913, p. 1
^Baker, David, "Flight and Flying: A Chronology", Facts On File, Inc., New York, New York, 1994, Library of Congress card number 92-31491, ISBN 0-8160-1854-5, p. 61
^"Mr. Taft Addresses Senate — Ends Century-Old Tradition in To-Morrow's Memorial Exercises", New York Times, February 7, 1913
^Lawrence Lenz, Power and Policy: America's First Steps to Superpower, 1889-1922 (Algora Publishing, 2008) p. 176
^Heribert von Feilitzsch, In Plain Sight: Felix A. Sommerfeld, Spymaster in Mexico, 1908 to 1914, Henselstone Verlag LLC, Virginia, 2012, ISBN 9780985031701, p. 234
^Tom Griffiths, Slicing the Silence: Voyaging to Antarctica (Harvard University Press, 2007) p. 27; 2007 Year Book Australia (Australia Bureau of Statistics, 2007) p. 17
^"Falling Bucket Kills 13 Miners", New York Times, February 9, 1913
^Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press. p. 389. ISBN 0-85177-133-5.
^"ARMY REVOLTS, SEIZES MEXICO CITY; MADERO'S TROOPS HOLD THE PALACE; 300 ARE SLAIN IN THE FIRST CLASH", New York Times, February 10, 1913, p. 1; John Mason Hart, Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (University of California Press, 1989) p. 260
^"Katsura Cabinet Is Out", New York Times, February 12, 1913; Kevin M. Doak, A History of Nationalism in Modern Japan: Placing the People (BRILL, 2007) pp. 104-105
^"Riot in the Capitol", Washington Post, February 14, 1913, p. 1
^Edward M. Steel, The Court-Martial of Mother Jones (University Press of Kentucky, 1995) p. 3
^"Wilson to Resign March 1", New York Times, February 14, 1913
^"1912 Seil/Brk PISAGUA (002191201)" (in English and Norwegian). Thor Dahl. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
^Pound, Richard W. (2005). Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates. Fitzhenry and Whiteside.
^"Chartered Banks in Canada". The Canadian Encyclopedia.
^"The performance : La demoiselle de magasin" (PDF). The French National Library. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
^"Immigration Bill Veto at the Last Minute", New York Times, February 15, 1913
^Hans P. Vought, The Bully Pulpit And The Melting Pot: American Presidents And The Immigrant, 1897-1933 (Mercer University Press, 2004) p. 93
^Lindorm, Erik (1979). Gustaf V och hans tid 1907–1918 (in Swedish). p. 245. ISBN 91-46-13376-3.
^"Samfundet De Nio". Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). Bra Böcker. 1995. Retrieved 2008-12-31.
^Jing Tsu, Sound and Script in Chinese Diaspora (Harvard University Press, 2010)
^"Angered by the Bishops", New York Times, February 16, 1913
^"Gomez Proclaims that he is President", New York Times, February 16, 1913
^"Record of Current Events", The American Monthly Review of Reviews (April 1913), pp. 289-292
^Conolly, Leonard W. (2002). "Introduction". In Conolly, Leonard W. (ed.). Bernard Shaw and Barry Jackson. Selected Correspondence of Bernard Shaw. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. xv. ISBN 0802035728. Retrieved 2014-05-18.
^"Progressive Silent Film List: The Old Monk's Tale". Silent Era. Retrieved September 25, 2008.
^Bernard DeVoto, The Course of Empire (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998) p. 269
^Mark H. Brown, The Plainsmen of the Yellowstone: A History of the Yellowstone Basin (University of Nebraska Press, 1977) p. 22
^"The Chief Rabbi. Result of election". Sydney Morning Herald. 18 February 1913.
^"Madero Gratified by Reply", New York Times, February 18, 1913
^Gerry Souter, Edward Hopper: Light and Dark (Parkstone International) p. 43
^John Baxter, Von Sternberg (University Press of Kentucky, 2010) p. 17
^Dan Franck, Bohemian Paris: Picasso, Modigliani, Matisse, and the Birth of Modern Art (Grove Press, 2003)
^"The 1913 Armory Show: America’s First Art War", by Tom McCormack, Art21 magazine, March/April 2017
^Wilfrid Hardy Callcott, Liberalism in Mexico, 1857-1929 (Stanford University Press, 1931) p. 228.
^"Swift End of Gustavo Madero", New York Times, February 20, 1913
^"House Upholds Taft on Literacy Test", New York Times, February 20, 1913
^Crawford, Elizabeth (2013-07-04). "We wanted to wake him up: Lloyd George and suffragette militancy". History of Government. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
^King O'Malley: Canberra Museum and Gallery, 29 October 2011 - 12 March 2012 (Canberra Museum & Gallery, 2011) p. 42
^Joshua Hammer, Yokohama Burning: The Deadly 1923 Earthquake And Fire That Helped Forge the Path to World War II (Simon and Schuster, 2006) p. 82
^Paul J. Vanderwood, "Disorder and Progress - Bandits, Police, and Mexican Development", pp. 165-166, ISBN 0-8420-2439-5
^"Istorija". zelsd.rs (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
^"North Portland Library History". Multnomah County Library. June 3, 2011. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
^"MADERO AND SUAREZ SHOT TO DEATH AS GUARDS FIRE ON RESCUE PARTY", Washington Post, February 24, 1913, p. 1
^Edward I. Bell, The Political Shame of Mexico, Volume 3 (McBride, Nast & Co., 1914) p. 318
^Godfrey Hodgson, Woodrow Wilson's Right Hand: The Life of Colonel Edward M. House (Yale University Press, 2006) p. 86
^Héctor Aguilar Camín and Lorenzo Meyer, In the Shadow of the Mexican Revolution: Contemporary Mexican History, 1910-1989 (University of Texas Press, 1993) p. 35
^Thomas H. Russell, Mexico In Peace and War (Reilly & Britton Syndicate, 1914) p. 86
^P. N. Chopra, A Comprehensive History of India, Volume 3 (Sterling Publishers, 2003) p. 228
^Jeannie M. Whayne, Arkansas: A Narrative History (University of Arkansas Press, 2002) p. 279
^"West Virginia Names Goff", New York Times, February 22, 1913
^"Taft Sends Army Close to Mexico", New York Times, February 23, 1913
^"More Troops to Galveston", New York Times, February 25, 1913
^Painter, George (April 2001). "Justice Finally Realized: The case of Edward McAllister". Oregon State Bar Bulletin. Retrieved December 25, 2010.
^John Terry (24 April 2010). "1912 Vice Clique Scandal sways Portland's view of homosexual community". oregonlive. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
^"Parramatta High School". The Daily Telegraph. Australia. 23 February 1913. p. 11. Retrieved 25 June 2019 – via Trove, National Library of Australia.
^"Record of Current Events" April 1913, pp. 289-292
^Robert Service, Stalin: A Biography (Harvard University Press, 2005) pp. 90-91
^Michael R. Cohen, The Birth of Conservative Judaism: Solomon Schechter's Disciples and the Creation of an American Religious Movement (Columbia University Press, 2012)
^Markstein, Donald D. "Don Markstein's Toonopedia: Hawkshaw the Detective". www.toonopedia.com.
^"Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America", FindLaw.com
^Patrick Robertson, Robertson's Book of Firsts: Who Did What for the First Time (Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2011)
^"Record of Current Events" April 1913, pp. 289-292
^Alda, Frances. Women and Tenors. Read Books, 2007 (originally published in 1937 by Houghton Mifflin). ISBN 1-4067-3654-6, p. 186
^"Record of Current Events" April 1913, pp. 289-292
^"Montrose air station, the UK's first airfield, marks centenary". BBC News. 2013-02-23. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^Per F. Dahl, Flash of the Cathode Rays: A History of J J Thomson's Electron (CRC Press, 1997) p. 290, n. 87, n. 90; p. 425
^"Score Die in Fire in Omaha", New York Times, March 1, 1913
^Bernard Heuvelmans, On The Track Of Unknown Animals (Taylor & Francis, 1995) pp. 48-50 cited by Alan H. Simmons, Faunal Extinction in an Island Society: Pygmy Hippopotamus Hunters of Cyprus (Springer, 1999) p. 306
^Mark Carwardine, Natural History Museum Animal Records (Sterling Publishing Company, 2008) p. 61