Summary
Ferdinand Heim (27 February 1895 – 14 November 1977) was a World War II German general.
Ferdinand Heim | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 27 February 1895 Reutlingen, Württemberg, German Empire |
| Died | 14 November 1977 (aged 82) Ulm, West Germany |
| Allegiance |  German Empire (to 1918) Weimar Republic (to 1933) Nazi Germany |
| Service/ | Army |
| Years of service | 1914–43, 1944–45 |
| Rank | Generalleutnant |
| Commands held | 14th Panzer Division 48th Panzer Corps Boulogne fortress garrison |
| Battles/wars | World War I World War II |
| Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross |
War service edit
Heim served during World War I and the post-war German army. He reached the rank of Oberst in August 1939, just before the start of the Second World War.
On 3 September 1940 Heim was appointed chief of staff to Feld Marshal Walther von Reichenau while the Sixth Army was concentrated on the Cotentin Peninsula awaiting the Invasion of Britain. He was subsequently prominent in the planning of the German invasion of the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa).[1]
On 1 July 1942, he was commander of the 14th Panzer Division taking part in the Second Battle of Kharkov and at the battle of Rostov. On 1 November 1942 he was given command of XLVIII Panzer Corps which was then part of the German 6th Army, at the Battle of Stalingrad.
Heim's XLVIII Panzer Corps was placed behind the Romanian 3rd Army at the beginning of the Soviet Operation Uranus "to check the enemy attack" along Paulus's left flank. Heim's 48th Panzer Corps, consisting of "two badly weakened divisions", was surrounded and barely broke out to the west. "Hitler made him a scapegoat and relieved him of his position...despite the obvious lack of fighting experience, equipment and strength in Heim's Rumanian and German divisions."[2][3]
After this, in January 1943, Heim was, at Hitler's order, dismissed from the Army, arrested and placed in solitary confinement at Moabit, finally being released in April 1943, when he was transferred to a military hospital at Ulm.[1]
In a post-war interview, Heim asserted that the only documentation for his arrest was Hitler's order – no indictment, sentence or explanation. He learned, unofficially, that Hitler had been unwilling to cast blame on the Romanians for the poor quality of their troops so a German scapegoat was needed. German army and army group commanders were too valuable, so the "... only person left was the corps commander, and that was me."[1]
Heim was informed in May 1943 that his dismissal from the German army had been revoked, and that he had been classified as retired. In August 1944, Heim returned to command German forces at the "fortress" of Boulogne, a "defend to the last" assignment. He was instructed to prepare significant defences but he arrived to find that nothing had been prepared and there were no suitable specialists to do the work. The ill-prepared and ill-suited garrison endured heavy bombardment and full-scale assaults when the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division launched Operation Wellhit. Heim surrendered to the Canadians on 23 September 1944.[4]
Post-war edit
Heim was sent to a series of POW camps (including Island Farm) in Britain and subsequently repatriated to Germany on 12 May 1948.[5] He died at Ulm on 14 November 1977.[6]
Awards edit
- Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class (18 November 1914) & 1st Class (31 December 1917)[7]
- General Honour Decoration for Bravery (Hesse) (15 December 1915)[7]
- Golden Military Merit Medal (Württemberg) (2 January 1916)[7]
- Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 (29 December 1934)[7]
- Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (21 September 1939) & 1st Class (2 October 1939)[7]
- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 30 August 1942 as Generalmajor and commander of the 14. Panzer-Division[8]
Quote edit
"We must uphold the principle of only having carried out orders [...] We must stick to that principle if we are to create a more or less effective defence" - spoken in secret while prisoner to his fellow inmates regarding German atrocities in World War II[9]
References edit
- ^ a b c Shulman, Milton (1995). Defeat in the West. Chailey, East Sussex: Masquerade. pp. 216–217. ISBN 1-872947-03-4.
- ^ Adam, Wilhelm; Ruhle, Otto (2015). With Paulus at Stalingrad. Translated by Tony Le Tissier. Pen and Sword Books Ltd. p. 97,100,114. ISBN 9781473833869.
- ^ Beevor 1998, p. 244.
- ^ Chant, Christopher (1986). The Encyclopedia of Code Names of World War II. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp. 330–331. ISBN 0-7102-0718-2.
- ^ "Generalleutnant Ferdinand Heim". Some of the Prisoners held at Special Camp 11. Island Farm. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
- ^ LEO-BW
- ^ a b c d e Wegmann 2009, p. 294.
- ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 218.
- ^ Roberts, Andrew (2009). The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War. ISBN 9780713999709. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
- Beevor, Antony (1998). Stalingrad. Viking, London. ISBN 978-0-14-103240-5.
- Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
- The German Army 1939-45 (5) by Nigel Thomas and Stephen Andrew.
- Wegmann, Günter (2009). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Deutschen Wehrmacht 1939–1945 Teil VIIIa [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the German Wehrmacht 1939–1945 Part VIIIa] (in German). Bissendorf, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2389-4.
