Protestant Nonconformism was a prominent force in East Sussex from the 17th century onwards, and congregations associated with various Calvinistic groups and denominations developed in many places from the middle of the 18th century.^[1] The Sussex form of Calvinism is "explicitly rooted in 16th-century puritanism"^[3] and the missionary activity of several itinerant preachers who travelled around the countryside regularly, often preaching in the open air.^[4] Several chapels,^[5] including Zoar Strict Baptist Chapel and Golden Cross Chapel which are still open,^[6] were founded in the Dicker area—a mostly rural area close to the present towns of Eastbourne and Hailsham (the villages of Upper Dicker and Lower Dicker are in the parishes of Arlington and Hellingly respectively). Dicker is also the surname of a long-established family of landowners in rural East Sussex whose lineage goes back to the 13th century; it is not known whether the family gave their name to the area or vice versa.^[5]

Rev. Richard de Courcy, an Anglican clergyman who also undertook outdoor preaching, visited the town of Uckfield in 1772 and delivered "an impressive sermon to a considerable crowd".^[7] Among them was Thomas Dicker junior (born 1723), a member of one branch of the Dicker family who had settled in nearby Buxted parish. Until then he had attended the local Anglican church; but after hearing de Courcy's "fiery sermon"^[8] he was converted to the Calvinist cause and started holding meetings in accordance with these doctrines at his house in Five Ash Down,^[9] a hamlet 3⁄4 mile (1.2 km) northwest of Buxted village.^[10] Over the next 11 years, attendance at these meetings grew so much that the room was no longer large enough, so services were also held at a nearby inn for a time. It was while preaching at this inn that William Huntington, one of the most important figures in Sussex Calvinist history,^[11] first met fellow Calvinist missionary Jenkin Jenkins of Lewes, who became a close friend; later they were both associated with the founding of Jireh Chapel in Lewes,^[9] one of the largest Calvinist churches in Sussex.^[4]

In 1784, Dicker's father Thomas Dicker senior—who had also been converted to the Calvinist cause in 1773—donated some land next to his house to the congregation. They erected a chapel there in the early months of 1784, and it opened in April of that year.^[8][7] In contrast to local Anglican churches, "the more simple mode of worship of the Nonconformists was adopted",^[12] but the church formally subscribed to the same articles of faith as the Church of England.^[13]

Division amongst the congregation occurred in early 1785 over the doctrine of baptism.^[12] The principal theological difference between Calvinistic Independents and the branch of Baptist churches known as Strict and Particular Baptists is that to the latter, "baptism is the door to the church and communion [should be] confined to those who are members".^[3] Members of the congregation who preferred the stricter doctrine broke away from Five Ash Down Chapel and formed a new church along Strict Baptist lines at a farm in Uckfield on 15 May 1785. Land was bought for a larger chapel in 1788, and Uckfield Baptist Church opened in February 1789.^[12][14] The first pastor at Five Ash Down Chapel, A. Dixon, left soon after this, and visiting ministers served the chapel for many years—including William Huntington on several occasions.^[12]

More land was bought adjacent to the chapel in 1840, which allowed a Sunday school to be built in about 1852. Also in that year the chapel was extended and altered as a memorial to Thomas Dicker senior by his grandson. Further changes took place in 1896 when the chapel was re-roofed and refronted in its present Gothic Revival style. By this time the chapel had a resident pastor again,^[12] and a permanent Sunday school was started in 1880. After a period of just over 100 years during which four resident pastors had served the chapel, it was again served by visiting or lay ministers from 1962 onwards when Joseph Turner retired after a 38-year pastorate.^[15]

The chapel is registered for worship in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855; its number on the register is 34990.^[16] Under the name Calvinist Independent Chapel it was licensed for the solemnisation of marriages on 11 September 1895.^[17] Now known as Five Ash Down Chapel, it is an Evangelical fellowship, independent of denominational links and based on Reformed ecclesiology.^[18] Morning and afternoon services and a Sunday school are held on Sundays, and there is a prayer meeting on Thursday evenings.^[19] The church's historical records are stored at the East Sussex Record Office at The Keep, Brighton.^[20]

In its original form the chapel was a simple brick building. Part of the original north wall, 20 feet (6.1 m) in length, remains.^[21] Since its reconstruction and refronting in the Victorian era it has an Early English Gothic Revival appearance. Built of blue brick with red-brick quoins,^[22] it has a west-facing symmetrical façade with three bays, each topped with a gable and containing a stone lancet window. The projecting side bays were added in 1852 and the recessed central bay dates from 1896.^[10][21] The original building was oriented differently: what is now the side wall, facing north, was originally at the rear of the chapel.^[10] There is a graveyard in front of the chapel.^[22] Inside is a gallery which may retain parts of the 18th-century structure.^[22][10]

• List of current places of worship in Wealden
•   Media related to Five Ash Down Independent Chapel at Wikimedia Commons