The German Army started experimenting with camouflage patterns before World War II, and some army units used Splittermuster ("splinter pattern") camouflage, first issued in 1931.^[1] Waffen-SS combat units used various patterns from 1935 onwards. Many SS camouflage patterns were designed by Johann Georg Otto Schick.^[2]

In 1976, the Bundeswehr in Germany developed a number of prototype camouflage patterns, to be trialled as replacements for the solid olive-grey "moleskin" combat uniform. At least four distinct camouflage patterns were tested during Bundeswehr Truppenversuch 76 ("Bundeswehr Troop Trial 76"). These were based on patterns in nature:^[1] one was called "Dots" or "Points"; another was called "Ragged Leaf" or "Saw Tooth Edge"; another was based on pine needles in winter.^[1]

Designed by the German company Marquardt & Schulz, several patterns were developed and tested by the German military. The pattern named "Flecktarn B" was chosen as the final pattern for use.^[3] The word flecktarn is a composite formed from the German words Fleck (spot, blot(ch), mark or mottle) and Tarnung (camouflage). The Bundeswehr kept its green combat dress throughout the 1980s, however, while trials were conducted. Flecktarn was only widely introduced in 1990 in a newly reunited Germany.^[1]

The Dutch government considered Flecktarn, but it was dropped due to financial and political reasons.^[3]

In Germany, the Flecktarn camouflage pattern is used by all Bundeswehr service branches, the Heer (army), the Luftwaffe (air force), some Marine (navy) units and even the Sanitätsdienst (medical service). Its official name is 5 Farben-Tarndruck der Bundeswehr (five-color camouflage print of the Bundeswehr).^[4] This temperate Flecktarn five-color scheme consists of 15% light green, 20% light olive, 35% dark green, 20% brown and 10% black.^[4] The Dutch military tested the pattern and rejected it, allegedly because it was "too aggressive".^[1] Flecktarn was seen as controversial because of its resemblance to the Waffen-SS "peas" and "oak leaves" patterns, which also used dots in various colors.^[1]

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  German body armour cover and helmet cover in Flecktarn
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  Jacket
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  Flecktarn overalls for crews of tanks in 2018

Evolution edit

Manufacturing contractors for the Bundeswehr are bound by the requirements and specifications laid out by the Bundesamt für Ausrüstung, Informationstechnik und Nutzung der Bundeswehr - BAAINBw (Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support of the German Armed Forces.)^[5] The specific document that contractors must comply with is the Technische Lieferbedingungen - TL (Technical Delivery Conditions.)^[6]

Within the TL are material performance sheets for all products conforming to civilian, ISO, and military specifications, as applicable. The TL requirements for flecktarn have undergone changes over the years and the pattern is now in its fifth iteration. The most observable changes have been to the colors, most notably from about 2005 whereupon the color screens became more separated making the pattern overall brighter.^[7] Visually the green and grey screens of post-2005 flecktarn are lighter with greater separation and the brown screen has become more of a "rust" color, whereas the former green and grey screens were darker and closer in hue and the brown screen was more of a reddish-brown.^[8] In the modern colors the black screen now presents in sharp contrast to the rest of the colors.

In 2016, tests were conducted by the Research Institute of materials and property of the Bundeswehr (Wehrwissenschaftliche Institut für Werk- und Betriebsstoffe – WIWeB) on a new pattern designated Multitarn as a potential replacement for flecktarn.^[9]

The pattern is intended as a multi-terrain pattern, initially for use only by German special forces. The Bundeswehr initially expressed plans for adoption by multiple divisions of the Bundeswehr to complement existing flecktarn patterns but as of 2022 this had not occurred.^[10] Unlike with its previous flecktarn patterns the Bundeswehr has taken strict measures over its property rights and distribution control to prevent unauthorized and illegal production of the pattern outside the Bundeswehr's authorized contractors.^[11]

Belgium edit

Bundeswehr flecktarn was used by airbase security and anti-aircraft units of the Belgian Air Force from 1988 to 2000. The pattern was unchanged from the original but slightly larger than the eventual Bundeswehr production pattern. It is noteworthy here that the model developed in Germany was put into general use by the Belgian Air Force almost three years before it was introduced into the Bundeswehr. A modular kit and a two-piece rucksack in flecktarn pattern was used to complete the uniform of field trousers, blouse and parka.^[12]

Denmark edit

Russia edit

The Russian military uses a wide range of different commercial camouflage patterns including several variations of flecktarn. One is called Sever ("north"). This pattern is a three-color pattern which is almost identical to Danish M84 but the base screen is tan. The pattern was introduced in Russia in 2006.

Another variant is called Tochka-4 (Point-4) produced by the Russian company Modoks. The pattern is essentially Flectarn-D with a fourth color, brown, added.^{[citation needed]}

Another pattern resembling Bundeswehr five-color flecktarn has been used by some Russian forces with the difference being that the brown screen is red.^{[citation needed]}

Japan edit

Japan adopted a flecktarn-based pattern called Type II Camouflage, or Jietai which has been in use with the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force since 1985. This pattern is a four-color version consisting of light green, brown and black on a beige background.^[13] A desert version is also in use.^[14]

China edit

Type 03 Plateau camouflage is a five-color flecktarn pattern that was formerly used in the early 2000s by the Chinese military in Tibet. It consists of a base color of sand with grey, light-brown, mid-brown, and black.^[15] Although the artwork is identical to the German original the Chinese version is only a portion of the complete pattern. Among collectors it is alternatively called "Tibetarn" or Tibet flecktarn.^[16] The pattern was replaced by a four-color digitalized version called 07 Arid Camouflage ("07式荒漠迷彩作训服") in 2007.^[13]

Some Russian special forces have also used this same pattern. The Russian version is made locally by military contractor SPLAV.^[17][18]

Poland edit

The Samodzielny Pododdzial Antyterrorystyczny Policji - SPAP (anti-terrorism unit of the Polish National Police) have used a five-color flecktarn variant called WZ AT 1 Plamiak, also known as Metro colloquially.^[19] The pattern is different in that it repeats itself regularly in the print at relatively short intervals.^[20] A woodland version referred to as Gepard has been used by the Agencja Bezpieczenstwa Wewnetrznego - ABW (Polish Internal Security Agency).^[19] A five-color desert version was also developed.^[21]

A flecktarn camo made by Kama is in use by the Implementation Department, Metropolitan Police Command, Warsaw Police.^[22]

Indonesia edit

In June 2022, Indonesia's Detasemen Khusus 88 Antiteror - DENSUS 88 AT (Police Counter-Terrorism Force) were seen wearing a flecktarn-influenced six-color camouflage uniform consisting of a tan base with three shades of green along with chocolate brown and near-black. The unit's Owl's Head logo is discretely incorporated in the pattern.^[23]

Bulgaria edit

A semi-digitized version of the original German five-color pattern in post-2005 colors, designated M-18, was adopted by the Bulgarian army in 2018 however the same pattern was first used by some Russian special forces Airborne troops in the early 2010s.^[24]

Yemen edit

The Special Security Forces of Yemen adopted a five-color digitalized pattern which could be said to resemble flecktarn but with darker colours similar to the pre-2005 colorway.

Commercial variants edit

• In 2013, the German company Mil-Tec introduced a new version of Flecktarn, called the Arid Flecktarn. It retains the original five-color pattern but with the color scheme resembling that of MultiCam.^[25] It remains a commercial variant and is not in use by any world military.
• German Woodland is a commercially available copy of five-color flecktarn produced in China. The pattern is only a portion of the original Bundeswehr pattern and the green and brown screens have been inverted. On Alibaba and Aliexpress sites it is sometimes listed as flecktarn. This Chinese copy has been used by some sections of the Armed Forces of the Kyrgyz Republic as noted during the Osh ethnic clashes of 2010.^[26][27]

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  Austrian Flecktarnmuster
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  Chinese Tibetarn
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  Belgian Flecktarn
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  Danish M/84
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  Danish M/01
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  French Experimental Desert Flecktarn
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  German Flecktarn
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  German Tropentarn
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  Indian Flecktarn
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  Japanese Jieitai
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  Japanese Winter Jieitai
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  Japanese Desert Jieitai
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  Polish Urban Flecktarn
  wz AT 1 PLAMIAK
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  Polish Woodland Flecktarn
  Gepard
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  Russian Flectar-D
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  Chinese commercial "German Woodland"
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  Commercial Arid Flecktarn
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  Commercial Schneetarn snow camouflage

•   Austria: Used by EKO Cobra as helmet covers for their Ulbrichts AM-95 helmets.^[28]
•   Belgium: Flecktarn used by Belgian airbase security forces and was dropped in 2000.^[3]
•   China: Clones made for PLA soldiers conducting training and border defense duties.^[29]
•   Germany: Used by Bundeswehr.^[30]
•   Georgia: Some used with Georgian troops in KFOR.^[31]
•   Kyrgyzstan: Asian clones used by Kyrgyz troops.^[32]
•   Ukraine: Used by some divisions of the Armed Forces of Ukraine from special forces to airborne units,^[33] including the Azov Regiment.^[34]

Non-state actors edit

• Atomwaffen Division^[35]
• Kosovo Liberation Army^[31]
• Republican Resistance or Óglaigh na hÉireann (ÓnaÉ)^[36]

• Dougherty, Martin (2017). Camouflage at War: An Illustrated Guide from 1914 to the Present Day. London: Amber Books. ISBN 978-1782744986.
• Galeotti, Mark (2019). Armies Of Russia's War in Ukraine. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1472833440.
• Larson, Eric H. (2021). Camouflage: International Ground Force Patterns, 1946–2017. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. ISBN 9781526739537.
• Neville, Leigh (2017). European Counter-Terrorist Units 1972–2017. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1472825278.

•   Media related to Flecktarn at Wikimedia Commons