Summary
Francis Ward Monck (born 1842) was a British clergyman and spiritualist medium who was exposed as a fraud.[1][2]
Biography edit
Monck was born in Portsmouth, Hampshire. He claimed to have psychic experiences as a child. He was a clergyman who began his career as a minister of the Baptist Chapel in Earls Barton, he was interested in spiritualism and became a medium.[3] On 3 November 1876 in Huddersfield a sitter named H. B. Lodge stopped the séance and demanded that Monck be searched. Monck ran from the room, locked himself in another room and escaped out of a window. A pair of stuffed gloves was found in his room, as well as cheesecloth, reaching rods and other fraudulent devices in his luggage.[4] After a trial Monck was convicted for his fraudulent mediumship and was sentenced to three months in prison.[5]
The physicist William F. Barrett also caught Monck[when?] in fraud with "a piece of white muslin on a wire frame with a black thread attached, being used by the medium to simulate a partially materialised spirit."[4][6] In his séances Monck placed a musical clock on a table, covered it with a cigar- box, and claimed spirits caused it to play. It was exposed as a trick as Monck had hidden a small music box that he would play in his trousers.[7]
Monck left for Brooklyn in the United States to ply his trade, where he was well known up until at least 1883.[8]
Colley wager edit
The psychical researcher Thomas Colley defended Monck. In 1906, Colley offered £1000 to anyone who could reproduce Colley's materialization by fraudulent methods.[9] The magician John Nevil Maskelyne offered to replicate the materialization. He had managed to successfully imitate the materialization but Colley denied that it was an exact replication. Maskelyne also accused Colley of falsely pretending to be an archdeacon, whilst not receiving an official degree. These accusations were denied by Colley.[6] The case went to court in 1907 and Alfred Russel Wallace testified on behalf of Colley and Monck. The trial lasted less than a week. Maskelyne did not get to collect the money. He also had to pay a £75 fine for libel.[6][9]
References edit
- ^ Christopher, Milbourne. (1996). The Illustrated History of Magic. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 174
- ^ Melechi, Antonio. (2008). Servants of the Supernatural: The Night Side of the Victorian Mind. Random House. p. 229. ISBN 978-0099478867
- ^ Buckland, Raymond. (2005). The Spirit Book: The Encyclopedia of Clairvoyance, Channeling, and Spirit Communication. Visible Ink Press. p. 264. ISBN 978-1578591725
- ^ a b Spence, Lewis. (1991). Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology. Gale Research Company. p. 1106
- ^ Ballou, Adin. (2001). The Rise of Victorian Spiritualism. Routledge. p. 16
- ^ a b c Slotten, Ross A. (2004). The Heretic in Darwin's Court: The Life of Alfred Russel Wallace. Columbia University Press. pp. 471-474. ISBN 978-0-231-13010-3
- ^ Mann, Walter. (1919). The Follies and Frauds of Spiritualism. London: Watts & Co. pp. 40-41
- ^ http://ehbritten.blogspot.com/2014/01/some-notes-on-life-of-francis-ward.html%7C See newspaper clippings on this site
- ^ a b Oppenheim, Janet. (1985). The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England, 1850-1914. Cambridge University Press. p. 70. ISBN 0-521-26505-3
Further reading edit
- Hereward Carrington. (1907). The Physical Phenomena of Spiritualism. Herbert B. Turner & Co. pp. 246–247 reveals the materialized "spirit hand" trick that Monck used in his séances.
- Ronald C. Finucane. (1996). Ghosts: Appearances of the Dead & Cultural Transformation. Prometheus Books.
External links edit
Media related to Francis Ward Monck at Wikimedia Commons- The Dictionary of Victorian London
- The Spiritualists The Straits Times, 23 December 1876
