Ganoderma_orbiforme Knowpia

Ganoderma orbiforme
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Polyporales
Family:	Ganodermataceae
Genus:	Ganoderma
Species:	G. orbiforme
Binomial name
	Ganoderma orbiforme; (Fr.) Ryvarden (2000)
Synonyms
	Polyporus orbiformis Fr. (1838); Fomes orbiformis (Fr.) Cooke (1885); Fomes lucidus f. boninensis Pat. (1888); Fomes lucidus f. noukahivensis Pat. (1888); Ganoderma boninense Pat. (1889); Ganoderma noukahivense Pat. (1889); Scindalma orbiforme (Fr.) Kuntze (1898); Ganoderma lucidum var. orbiformis (Fr.) Rick (1960);

Ganoderma orbiforme – most commonly known as G. boninense or just Ganoderma in oil palm pathology – is a species of polypore fungus that is widespread across southeast Asia. It is a plant pathogen that causes basal stem rot, a disease of the African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). The fungus was first described scientifically in 1838 by Elias Magnus Fries from collections made in Guinea.^[1] Leif Ryvarden transferred it to the genus Ganoderma in 2000.^[2] In addition to its type locality, the fungus has also been collected from the Bonin Islands in the Pacific, and from Venezuela and Puerto Rico.^[2]

Transmission edit

G. orbiforme is not a soil borne pathogen, meaning it does not grow in soil and does not infiltrate from soil and into the root system.^[3]^: 417 It is however also not killed by soil, and will reside in dead, buried palm trunk material.^[3]^: 417 This has especially been observed when Oryctes rhinoceros-infested material was buried.^[3]^: 417

Infection edit

G. orbiforme has a hemibiotrophic lifestyle in E. guineensis.^[4] During an invasion, E. guineensis roots stockpile salicylic acid, which is a signal to downregulate its own expression of ascorbate oxidase and ascorbate peroxidase.^[5] AO and AP are reactive oxygen species scavengers, and so the total effect is to increase ROS production.^[5] This entire pathway was found by Ho et al., 2016.^[5] Increased ROS is effective against hemibiotrophs but counterproductive against necrotrophs.^[5]

Genetics edit

Microsatellite markers have been developed to help identify the fungus and study the genetic diversity of G. orbiforme.^[6]

Research edit

Water agar is usable for isolation of this fungus, and is the simplest and cheapest.^[7]^: 21 CABI provides research and technique information for lab work with this pathogen.^[7]

References edit

^ Fries, E.M. (1838). Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici (in Latin). Uppsala: Typ. Acad. p. 463.
^ ^a ^b Ryvarden, Leif (2000). "Studies in neotropical polypores 2: a preliminary key to neotropical species of Ganoderma with a laccate pileus". Mycologia. 92 (1): 180–191. doi:10.2307/3761462. JSTOR 3761462.
^ ^a ^b ^c Corley, R. H. V.; Tinker, P. B. (2015-10-03). The Oil Palm. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781118953297. ISBN 978-1-118-95329-7. S2CID 132543108. S2CID 82631705.
^ Bahari, Mohammad Nazri Abdul; Sakeh, Nurshafika Mohd; Abdullah, Siti Nor Akmar; Ramli, Redzyque Ramza; Kadkhodaei, Saied (2018). "Transciptome profiling at early infection of Elaeis guineensis by Ganoderma boninense provides novel insights on fungal transition from biotrophic to necrotrophic phase". BMC Plant Biology. 18 (1). Springer: 377. doi:10.1186/s12870-018-1594-9. ISSN 1471-2229. PMC 6310985. PMID 30594134.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Singh, Yeshveer; Nair, Athira Mohandas; Verma, Praveen Kumar (2021). "Surviving the odds: From perception to survival of fungal phytopathogens under host-generated oxidative burst". Plant Communications. 2 (3). Cell Press (Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences + Chinese Society for Plant Biology): 100142. doi:10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100142. ISSN 2590-3462. PMC 8132124. PMID 34027389.
^ Mercière, Maxime; Laybats, Anthony; Carasco-Lacombe, Catherine; Tan, Joon Sheong; Klopp, Christophe; Durand-Gasselin, Tristan; Alwee, Sharifah Shahrul Rabiah Syed; Camus-Kulandaivelu, Létizia; Breton, Fréderic (2015). "Identification and development of new polymorphic microsatellite markers using genome assembly for Ganoderma boninense, causal agent of oil palm basal stem rot disease". Mycological Progress. 14 (11): 103. doi:10.1007/s11557-015-1123-2.
^ ^a ^b Rahmaningsih, Miranti; Virdiana, Ike; Bahri, Syamsul; Anwar, Yassier; Forster, Brian; Breton, Frederic (2018). Nursery Screening for Ganoderma Response in Oil Palm Seedlings: A Manual. Techniques in Plantation Science Series. Boston, Ma, US: CABI (CAB International) + Verdant Bioscience + CIRAD. pp. xi + 69. ISBN 978-1-78639624-2. LCCN 2018016841. LCCN 201802304 201-802304. ISBN 9781786396266. ISBN 9781786396259.

External links edit

"Ganoderma orbiforme". CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). 2019-12-10. Retrieved 2020-11-12.
"Ganoderma orbiforme". The Global Fungal Red List Initiative (IUCN). 2020-06-30. Retrieved 2020-11-12.

[Fries_1838-1] Fries, E.M. (1838). Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici (in Latin). Uppsala: Typ. Acad. p. 463.

[Ryvarden_2000-2] Ryvarden, Leif (2000). "Studies in neotropical polypores 2: a preliminary key to neotropical species of Ganoderma with a laccate pileus". Mycologia. 92 (1): 180–191. doi:10.2307/3761462. JSTOR 3761462.

[Corley-Tinker-2015-3] Corley, R. H. V.; Tinker, P. B. (2015-10-03). The Oil Palm. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781118953297. ISBN 978-1-118-95329-7. S2CID 132543108. S2CID 82631705.

[Bahari-et-al-2018-4] Bahari, Mohammad Nazri Abdul; Sakeh, Nurshafika Mohd; Abdullah, Siti Nor Akmar; Ramli, Redzyque Ramza; Kadkhodaei, Saied (2018). "Transciptome profiling at early infection of Elaeis guineensis by Ganoderma boninense provides novel insights on fungal transition from biotrophic to necrotrophic phase". BMC Plant Biology. 18 (1). Springer: 377. doi:10.1186/s12870-018-1594-9. ISSN 1471-2229. PMC 6310985. PMID 30594134.

[Singh-et-al-2021-5] Singh, Yeshveer; Nair, Athira Mohandas; Verma, Praveen Kumar (2021). "Surviving the odds: From perception to survival of fungal phytopathogens under host-generated oxidative burst". Plant Communications. 2 (3). Cell Press (Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences + Chinese Society for Plant Biology): 100142. doi:10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100142. ISSN 2590-3462. PMC 8132124. PMID 34027389.

[Mercière_2015-6] Mercière, Maxime; Laybats, Anthony; Carasco-Lacombe, Catherine; Tan, Joon Sheong; Klopp, Christophe; Durand-Gasselin, Tristan; Alwee, Sharifah Shahrul Rabiah Syed; Camus-Kulandaivelu, Létizia; Breton, Fréderic (2015). "Identification and development of new polymorphic microsatellite markers using genome assembly for Ganoderma boninense, causal agent of oil palm basal stem rot disease". Mycological Progress. 14 (11): 103. doi:10.1007/s11557-015-1123-2.

[Screening-7] Rahmaningsih, Miranti; Virdiana, Ike; Bahri, Syamsul; Anwar, Yassier; Forster, Brian; Breton, Frederic (2018). Nursery Screening for Ganoderma Response in Oil Palm Seedlings: A Manual. Techniques in Plantation Science Series. Boston, Ma, US: CABI (CAB International) + Verdant Bioscience + CIRAD. pp. xi + 69. ISBN 978-1-78639624-2. LCCN 2018016841. LCCN 201802304 201-802304. ISBN 9781786396266. ISBN 9781786396259.

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