Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering

Summary

Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities. In these contexts, the capital letters and the small letters represent distinct and unrelated entities. Those Greek letters which have the same form as Latin letters are rarely used: capital A, B, E, Z, H, I, K, M, N, O, P, T, Y, X. Small ι, ο and υ are also rarely used, since they closely resemble the Latin letters i, o and u. Sometimes, font variants of Greek letters are used as distinct symbols in mathematics, in particular for ε/ϵ and π/ϖ. The archaic letter digamma (Ϝ/ϝ/ϛ) is sometimes used.

The Bayer designation naming scheme for stars typically uses the first Greek letter, α, for the brightest star in each constellation, and runs through the alphabet before switching to Latin letters.

In mathematical finance, the Greeks are the variables denoted by Greek letters used to describe the risk of certain investments.

TypographyEdit

The Greek letter forms used in mathematics are often different from those used in Greek-language text: they are designed to be used in isolation, not connected to other letters, and some use variant forms which are not normally used in current Greek typography.

The OpenType font format has the feature tag "mgrk" ("Mathematical Greek") to identify a glyph as representing a Greek letter to be used in mathematical (as opposed to Greek language) contexts.

The table below shows a comparison of Greek letters rendered in TeX and HTML. The font used in the TeX rendering is an italic style. This is in line with the convention that variables should be italicized. As Greek letters are more often than not used as variables in mathematical formulas, a Greek letter appearing similar to the TeX rendering is more likely to be encountered in works involving mathematics.

Greek letters
Name TeX HTML Name TeX HTML Name TeX HTML Name TeX HTML Name TeX HTML
Alpha   Α α Digamma   Ϝ ϝ Kappa   Κ κ ϰ Omicron   Ο ο Upsilon   Υ υ
Beta   Β β Zeta   Ζ ζ Lambda   Λ λ Pi   Π π ϖ Phi   Φ ϕ φ
Gamma   Γ γ Eta   Η η Mu   Μ μ Rho   Ρ ρ ϱ Chi   Χ χ
Delta   Δ δ Theta   Θ θ ϑ Nu   Ν ν Sigma   Σ σ ς Psi   Ψ ψ
Epsilon   Ε ϵ ε Iota   Ι ι Xi   Ξ ξ Tau   Τ τ Omega   Ω ω

Concepts represented by a Greek letterEdit

Αα (alpha)Edit

Ββ (beta)Edit

Γγ (gamma)Edit

Δδ (delta)Edit

Εε (epsilon)Edit

Ϝϝ (digamma)Edit

  • Ϝ is sometimes used to represent the digamma function, though the Latin letter F (which is nearly identical) is usually substituted.
  • A hypothetical particle Ϝ speculated to be implicated in the 750 GeV diphoton excess, now known to be simply a statistical anomaly

Ζζ (zeta)Edit

Ηη (eta)Edit

Θθ (theta)Edit

Ιι (iota)Edit

Κκ (kappa)Edit

Λλ (lambda)Edit

Μμ (mu)Edit

Νν (nu)Edit

Ξξ (xi)Edit

  • Ξ represents:
  •   represents:
    • the original Riemann Xi function
    • the modified definition of Riemann xi function, as denoted by Edmund Landau and currently
    • correlation length in physics

Οο (omicron)Edit

Ππ (pi)Edit

Ρρ (rho)Edit

Σσς (sigma)Edit

Ττ (tau)Edit

ϒυ (upsilon)Edit

Φφ (phi)Edit

Note: A symbol for the empty set,  , resembles Φ but is not Φ.

Χχ (chi)Edit

Ψψ (psi)Edit

Ωω (omega)Edit

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

  1. ^ a b Katzung & Trevor's Pharmacology Examination & Board Review (9th Edition.). Anthony J. Trevor, Bertram G. Katzung, Susan B. Masters ISBN 978-0-07-170155-6. B. Opioid Peptides + 268 pp.
  2. ^ Applied Linear Statistical Models (5th ed.). Michael H. Kutner, Christopher J. Nachtsheim, John Neter, & William Li. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. ISBN 0-07-310874-X. xxviii + 1396 pp.
  3. ^ Golub, Gene; Charles F. Van Loan (1996). Matrix Computations – Third Edition. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 53. ISBN 0-8018-5413-X.
  4. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Pomega -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Physics". scienceworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2022-09-06.
  5. ^ Outline for Weeks 14&15, Astronomy 225 Spring 2008 Archived 2010-06-15 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ Lebl, Jiří (May 16, 2022). Basic Analysis I, Introduction to Real Analysis. Vol. 1. p. 98. ISBN 978-1718862401.
  7. ^ "Tau Day – No, really, pi is wrong: The Tau Manifesto by Michael Hartl". 2010. Retrieved 2015-03-20.
  8. ^ "A supergolden rectangle"

External linksEdit

  • A pronunciation guide with audio
  • Greek alphabet letters onclick copy paste