In general, elements of L² on the unit circle are given by

${\displaystyle \sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }a_{n}e^{in\varphi }}$ 

whereas elements of H² are given by

${\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }a_{n}e^{in\varphi }.}$ 

The projection from L² to H² (by setting a_n = 0 when n < 0) is orthogonal.

The Laplace transform ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}}$  given by

${\displaystyle [{\mathcal {L}}f](s)=\int _{0}^{\infty }e^{-st}f(t)dt}$ 

can be understood as a linear operator

${\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}:L^{2}(0,\infty )\to H^{2}\left(\mathbb {C} ^{+}\right)}$ 

where ${\displaystyle L^{2}(0,\infty )}$  is the set of square-integrable functions on the positive real number line, and ${\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{+}}$  is the right half of the complex plane. It is more; it is an isomorphism, in that it is invertible, and it isometric, in that it satisfies

${\displaystyle \|{\mathcal {L}}f\|_{H^{2}}={\sqrt {2\pi }}\|f\|_{L^{2}}.}$ 

The Laplace transform is "half" of a Fourier transform; from the decomposition

${\displaystyle L^{2}(\mathbb {R} )=L^{2}(-\infty ,0)\oplus L^{2}(0,\infty )}$ 

one then obtains an orthogonal decomposition of ${\displaystyle L^{2}(\mathbb {R} )}$  into two Hardy spaces

${\displaystyle L^{2}(\mathbb {R} )=H^{2}\left(\mathbb {C} ^{-}\right)\oplus H^{2}\left(\mathbb {C} ^{+}\right).}$ 

This is essentially the Paley-Wiener theorem.

• H_∞

• Jonathan R. Partington, "Linear Operators and Linear Systems, An Analytical Approach to Control Theory", London Mathematical Society Student Texts 60, (2004) Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-54619-2.