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Hans "Assi" Hahn

Summary

Hans Robert Fritz Hahn (14 April 1914 – 18 December 1982) who was nicknamed "Assi" was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II, a fighter ace credited with 108 enemy aircraft shot down in 560 combat missions. He claimed 66 victories over the Western Front, of which 53 were Supermarine Spitfires. Of the 42 victories he recorded over the Eastern Front, at least seven were Il-2 Sturmovik ground-attack aircraft.

Hans Hahn
Hans "Assi" Hahn
Nickname(s)Assi
Born(1914-04-14)14 April 1914
Gotha, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, German Empire
Died18 December 1982(1982-12-18) (aged 68)
Munich, Bavaria, West Germany
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service/branchArmy (1934–35)
Luftwaffe (1935–45)
Years of service1934–1945
RankMajor (major)
UnitJG 2, JG 54
Commands held4./JG 2, III./JG 2, II./JG 54
Battles/warsWorld War II
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
RelationsHeinrich von Vietinghoff (father-in-law)

Born in Gotha, where he was educated at the Ernestine Gymnasium, in 1934 Hahn volunteered for military service in the Wehrmacht of the Third Reich. Initially serving in the Heer (Army), he transferred to the Luftwaffe (Air Force) in late 1935. Following flight training, he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 134 "Horst Wessel" (JG 134—134th Fighter Wing) in April 1936. In November 1937, Hahn was posted as a flight instructor to the Jagdfliegerschule (fighter flying school) at Werneuchen. On 1 February 1939, he was transferred to the Stabstaffel of I. Gruppe (1st group) of Jagdgeschwader 3 (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing), based at Merseburg. Hahn transferred to Jagdgeschwader 2 (JG 2—2nd Fighter Wing) "Richthofen" on 11 October 1939 and on 15 December, he was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 4. Staffel of JG 2 "Richthofen". There he claimed his first victory on 14 May 1940, during the Battle of France, over a Royal Air Force Hawker Hurricane fighter. He claimed five victories during the French campaign and further victories during the Battle of Britain which led to the presentation of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 20 September 1940. On 29 October 1940, Hahn took command of III. Gruppe of JG 2 "Richthofen" as Gruppenkommandeur (group commander). Following his 41st aerial victory he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 14 August 1941. Legally, it was Germany's highest military decoration at the time of its presentation to Hahn.[Note 1] On 16 September 1942, Hahn claimed his 66th and last victory on the Western Front. Hahn was then appointed Gruppenkommandeur of II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing) operating on the Eastern Front. Over the next three months, he claimed 42 further victories, which included his 100th on 27 January 1943.

On 21 February 1943, Hahn made a forced landing following combat with Soviet fighters and was taken prisoner of war. He remained in captivity until late 1950. Following his release, Hahn wrote his memoirs "I Speak the Truth" (Ich spreche die Wahrheit) recounted his detailed life in Soviet captivity. He then became a successful businessman before retiring in 1977 to the south of France. He died of cancer on 18 December 1982 in Munich.

Early life and career edit

Hahn was born on 14 April 1914 in Gotha, at the time in Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, present-day in Thuringia. His parents were Arthur, a Finanzrat (Fiscal Council), and his mother Helene.[2] He also had an older sister named Käte. A talented athlete, he was selected to participate in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin in the Pentathlon, but he had to withdraw due to illness. His friends initially nicknamed him "Hansi", a diminutive of his first name Hans, which over time was abbreviated and altered to "Assi".[3]

 
Hahn attended the Ernestinum Gymnasium in Gotha.

Hahn enlisted in the Reichswehr on 1 April 1934, as a Fahnenjunker (officer candidate) in 14. (Badisches) Infanterie-Regiment (14th Infantry Regiment). On 1 December 1934, he was promoted to Unteroffizier (corporal). From January to October 1935 he attended the Kriegsschule (war college) in Munich and was promoted to Oberfähnrich (master sergeant) on 1 October 1935.[4] In November 1935, Hahn transferred to the Luftwaffe, and underwent flight training at Celle. He was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) on 1 April 1936.[5] On 15 April 1936, Hahn was posted to 4. Staffel (4th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 134 "Horst Wessel" (JG 134—134th Fighter Wing),[Note 2] named after the martyr of the Nazi movement Horst Wessel. The unit was based at Werl near Dortmund. There he flew the Arado Ar 65, Ar 68 and the then new Messerschmitt Bf 109, first the B later the D-1 variant. This assignment ended on 31 October 1937.[6]

 
Assi Hahn's emblem

From 1 November 1937 to 1 April 1938, Hahn served as a flight instructor and Staffelführer (flight leader) of 1. Staffel in the newly created Jagdfliegerschule (fighter flying school) at Werneuchen.[6] Acknowledging his leadership skill, he was promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) on 1 February 1939. He was then transferred to the Stabstaffel of I. Gruppe (1st group) of Jagdgeschwader 3 (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing), based at Merseburg.[7] There Hahn introduced his personal emblem of a rooster's head. Hahn in German literally translates in English to rooster.[8]

On 11 October 1939, II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 2 "Richthofen" (JG 2—2nd Fighter Wing), named after the World War I fighter ace Manfred von Richthofen, was formed from elements of I. Gruppe of JG 2 "Richthofen" and I. Gruppe of JG 3, at Zerbst. Hahn was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 4. Staffel of JG 2 "Richthofen" on 15 December 1939.[9]

World War II edit

World War II in Europe began on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. In February 1940, II. Gruppe of JG 2 "Richthofen" relocated to Nordholz. Following the start of the Battle of France on 10 May, the Gruppe moved to Münster and then to airfields in Belgium. Hahn claimed his first victory on 14 May 1940 over a Royal Air Force (RAF) Hawker Hurricane fighter.[9]

 
Messerschmitt Bf 109 F-2, Hans Hahn, France 1941

Hahn would claim five victories during the Battle of France, before becoming even more successful in the Battle of Britain. After 20 claims by September 1940, Hahn was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes), promoted to the rank of Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of III./JG 2. Hauptmann Hahn was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) in August 1941 for 41 victories. The presentation was made on 27 August 1941 by Hitler at the Führer Headquarter Wolfsschanze in Rastenburg (now Kętrzyn in Poland). Also present at the award ceremony were the fighter pilots Oberleutnant Hans Philipp and Oberleutnant Heinz Bär who were also awarded the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross.[10]

Hahn became an "ace-in-a-day" for the first time on 6 May 1942, claiming five Spitfires shot down for aerial victories 61–65. During one dogfight he and his British opponent ran out of ammunition at the same time. They then looked at each other, laughed and threw their hands up.

 
Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-3 of Hauptmann Hahn, JG 2

Hahn claimed a Supermarine Spitfire on 16 September 1942 to record his 66th claim over the Western Front. Two Spitfires were lost that day; one was shot down by Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" (JG 26) near Le Treport, while Spitfire Vb AB859 from No. 122 Squadron, piloted by Sgt G. Nadan crashed, owing to unknown reasons.[11]

Hahn was then appointed Gruppenkommandeur of II./Jagdgeschwader 54 Grünherz (JG 54), based near Leningrad on the Eastern Front, on 1 November 1942. In three months he claimed a further 42 Soviet kills. Hahn claimed his 100th victory on 26 January 1943. He was the 34th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.[12]

Prisoner of war edit

Hahn documented his experiences as a prisoner of war upon his return in his narrative "I Speak the Truth" (Ich spreche die Wahrheit). The book begins with his last combat mission flown on 21 February 1943, and ends with his return in late 1949.[13] According to his own account, on Sunday 21 February 1943, Hahn intended to fly to Riga for a meeting with the Luftflotte 1 (1st Air Fleet) commanding staff. Since he had not planned to fly operationally, he did not wear his regular combat dress and did not carry a sidearm that day. On his way to his aircraft, he ran into his wingman, Max Stotz, who informed him that the Heer (German Army) had just requested fighter support over the Demyansk combat area.[14]

On 21 February 1943, Hahn encountered fighters near Staraya, Russa. He shot down a Lavochkin La-5 fighter for his 108th victory before his aircraft received hits in the left wing. Disengaging from combat, Hahn's engine soon began overheating and he force-landed his Bf 109 G-2/R6 in enemy territory. Soviet sources claim Hahn was shot down by Soviet ace Leytenant Pavel Grazhdaninov (13 victories) of 169 IAP (169th Fighter Aviation Regiment).[Note 3]

Hahn was captured and subsequently made a prisoner of war. Hahn's recalcitrant and forceful personality even in the harsh Soviet regime of a prison camp meant he was held captive by the Soviet Union until 1950.

Later life edit

Hahn was released as a prisoner of war shortly before Christmas 1950. Among others, he was welcomed by his son but learned that his first wife had left him for another man. He worked at the International Corporation of Bayer Leverkusen and later became a director of Wano Schwarzpulver Company, which manufactured gunpowder, at Kunigunde near Goslar. In 1971, he married Gisela von Vietinghoff, daughter of the former Generaloberst Heinrich von Vietinghoff. Hahn retired in 1977 and lived in southern France. He died of cancer on 18 December 1982 in Munich and was buried in Tirol, Austria with his lifelong friend Julius Meimberg speaking at the memorial service.[15]

Summary of career edit

Aerial victory claims edit

According to Spick, Hahn was credited with 108 aerial victories claimed in 560 combat missions. This figure includes 20 aerial victories during the Battle of France and Britain, further 48 aerial victories over the Western Front and 40 more on the Eastern Front.[16] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 105 aerial victory claims, plus five further unconfirmed claims. This figure includes 43 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 62 over the Western Allies.[17]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 05 Ost 1151". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[18]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Hahn an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Hahn did not receive credit.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 2 –[19]
Battle of France — 10 May – 25 June 1940
1 14 May 1940 09:55 Hurricane Gembloux[20] 3 3 June 1940 14:50 Hawk 75 east-northeast of Paris[21]
Épernay
2 19 May 1940 12:18 Hurricane Tournai[20] 4 6 June 1940 20:35 Hawk 75 Roye[21]
—
 19 May 1940
—
 M.S.406 Tournai[20]
– 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 2 –[19]
Action at the Channel and over England — 26 June – 28 October 1941
—
[Note 4]		 2 July 1940
—
 Hurricane Hazebrouck[19] 13 6 September 1940 10:05 Spitfire Ashford[23]
6?[Note 5] 11 August 1940 11:45 Spitfire Portland[22] 14 7 September 1940 18:25 Spitfire Gillingham[23]
—
 25 August 1940 18:30~ Spitfire Dorchester[22] 15?[Note 6] 8 September 1940 15:35 Hurricane London[23]
Thorney Island
7 31 August 1940 09:00 Spitfire Dover[22] 16 11 September 1940 16:15 Hurricane Staplehurst[23]
8 31 August 1940 09:05 Spitfire Dover[22] 17 15 September 1940 15:35 Spitfire Thorney Island[23]
9 31 August 1940 19:05 Spitfire Dover[22] 18 20 September 1940 12:15 Hurricane London[23]
10 4 September 1940 10:15 Spitfire Ashford[22] 19 23 September 1940 10:30 Spitfire London[23]
11 4 September 1940 14:25 Spitfire Margate[22] 20 15 October 1940 13:35 Hurricane Southampton[23]
12 6 September 1940 10:00 Spitfire Ashford[23]
– Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 2 –[19]
Action at the Channel and over England — 28 October 1940 – 21 June 1941
21 6 November 1940 15:50 Hurricane east of Southampton[25]
– Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 2 –[24]
Action in the West — 22 June – 31 December 1941
22 24 June 1941 21:00 Spitfire northwest of Calais[26] 36 23 July 1941 20:23 Spitfire west of Hesdin[27]
23 25 June 1941 16:31 Spitfire Marquise[26] 37 5 August 1941 18:44 Spitfire Calais[27]
24 26 June 1941 11:55 Spitfire Dunkirk[26] 38 7 August 1941 18:17 Spitfire Calais[27]
25?[Note 6] 2 July 1941
—
 Hurricane Hazebrouck[26] 39 12 August 1941 12:45 Spitfire Gravelines[27]
26 7 July 1941 15:36 Hurricane 7 km (4.3 mi) west of Le Touquet[28] 40 12 August 1941 12:50 Spitfire Cap Gris-Nez[27]
27 7 July 1941 15:37 Hurricane 7–10 km (4.3–6.2 mi) west of Le Touquet[28] 41 12 August 1941 18:51 Spitfire Ramsgate[27]
28 8 July 1941 15:52 Spitfire Calais/Marck[28] 42 20 September 1941 16:30 Spitfire[29] 10 km (6.2 mi) off Somme Estuary
29 10 July 1941 12:08 Spitfire Saint-Omer[28] 43 20 September 1941 16:42 Spitfire[29] Somme Estuary
30 10 July 1941 12:12 Spitfire Saint-Omer[28] 44 20 September 1941 16:43 Spitfire[29]
31 21 July 1941 08:50 Spitfire Gravelines[28] 45 27 September 1941 15:35 Spitfire[29]
32 21 July 1941 20:45 Spitfire Watten[28] 46 2 October 1941 15:05 Spitfire[30] Pas-de-Calais
33 22 July 1941 13:45 Spitfire Calais[28] 47 2 October 1941 18:50 Spitfire[30] Pas-de-Calais
34 22 July 1941 13:53 Spitfire Calais[28] 48 2 October 1941 18:52 Spitfire[30] Pas-de-Calais
35 23 July 1941 20:20 Spitfire west of Hesdin[27] 49 13 October 1941 14:30 Spitfire[30] vicinity of Boulogne
– Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 2 –[31]
Action in the West — 1 January – 1 November 1942
50 12 February 1942 14:55 Spitfire[32] 58 4 May 1942 10:46 Spitfire[33]
51 17 April 1942 16:08 Spitfire[32] vicinity of Calais 59 4 May 1942 15:55 Spitfire[33]
52 20 April 1942 17:07 Spitfire Isle of Wight[33] 60 6 May 1942 12:22 Spitfire[33]
53 22 April 1942 14:32 Spitfire[33] 61 6 May 1942 12:24 Spitfire[33]
54 25 April 1942 16:24 Spitfire[33] 62 6 June 1942 17:25 Spitfire[34] Cherbourg/Cap Lévi
55 25 April 1942 16:29 Spitfire[33] 63 6 June 1942 17:25 Spitfire[34] Cherbourg/Cap Lévi
56 30 April 1942 17:27 Spitfire[33] 64 6 June 1942 17:27 Spitfire[34]
57 4 May 1942 10:41 Spitfire[33] 65 16 September 1942 13:15 Spitfire PQ 05 Ost 1151[35]
– Stab II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[36]
Eastern Front — December 1942 – 3 February 1943
66 4 December 1942 10:45 LaGG-3 PQ 18231[37]
30 km (19 mi) east-southeast of Staraya Russa 		84♠ 14 January 1943 12:11 La-5 PQ 10271[38]
25 km (16 mi) east-southeast of Mga
67 4 December 1942 10:47 Il-2 PQ 18231[37]
30 km (19 mi) east-southeast of Staraya Russa 		85♠ 14 January 1943 12:12 La-5 PQ 10243[38]
25 km (16 mi) east-southeast of Schlüsselburg
68 4 December 1942 13:53 Il-2 PQ 18262[37]
30 km (19 mi) east-southeast of Staraya Russa 		86♠ 23 January 1943 11:10 La-5?[38][Note 7] east of Mga
69 4 December 1942 14:00 Il-2 PQ 2975[37] 87♠ 23 January 1943 11:15 La-5?[38][Note 8] 19 km (12 mi) southwest of Schlüsselburg
70 12 December 1942 13:56 La-5 PQ 28113[37]
40 km (25 mi) northwest of Demyansk 		88♠ 23 January 1943 13:20 La-5 PQ 10171[38]
vicinity of Mga
71 12 December 1942 13:58 Il-2 north of Lake Werchne[37]
40 km (25 mi) east-southeast of Staraya Russa 		89♠ 23 January 1943 13:22 La-5 PQ 10171[38]
vicinity of Mga
72 29 December 1942 11:30 Il-2 PQ 28113[40]
40 km (25 mi) northwest of Demyansk 		90♠ 23 January 1943 13:25 La-5 PQ 1014[38]
73 29 December 1942 11:50 LaGG-3 PQ 28122[40]
35 km (22 mi) northwest of Demyansk 		91 24 January 1943 09:35 La-5 PQ 10192[38]
east of Mga
74♠ 30 December 1942 08:50 LaGG-3 PQ 18262[40]
30 km (19 mi) east-southeast of Staraya Russa 		92 24 January 1943 09:40 La-5 PQ 10151[38]
southeast of Schlüsselburg
75♠ 30 December 1942 08:53 LaGG-3 PQ 28113[40]
40 km (25 mi) northwest of Demyansk 		93 24 January 1943 09:42 La-5 PQ 10154[38]
southeast of Schlüsselburg
76♠ 30 December 1942 08:55 LaGG-3?[Note 9] PQ 28114[40]
40 km (25 mi) south-southeast of Malaya Vishera 		94 24 January 1943 13:55 La-5 PQ 00261[38]
10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Schlüsselburg
77♠ 30 December 1942 08:57 LaGG-3 PQ 29772[40]
25 km (16 mi) east-southeast of Staraya Russa 		95 25 January 1943 09:45 La-5 PQ 10151[38]
southeast of Schlüsselburg
78♠ 30 December 1942 11:45?[Note 10] LaGG-3 PQ 18212[40] 96 25 January 1943 09:47 La-5 PQ 10124[38]
east of Schlüsselburg
79♠ 14 January 1943 10:36 La-5 PQ 10104[41]
southeast of Schlüsselburg 		97 25 January 1943 09:48?[Note 11] LaGG-3 PQ 10111[38]
vicinity of Schlüsselburg
80♠ 14 January 1943 10:37 La-5 PQ 10193[41]
east of Mga 		98 26 January 1943 10:58 LaGG-3 PQ 10152[38]
southeast of Schlüsselburg
81♠ 14 January 1943 10:38 La-5 PQ 10193[38]
east of Mga 		99 26 January 1943 14:00 LaGG-3 PQ 10123[38]
east of Schlüsselburg
82♠ 14 January 1943 10:42 La-5 PQ 1181[38] 100 26 January 1943 14:03 LaGG-3 PQ 10123[38]
east of Schlüsselburg
83♠ 14 January 1943 12:10 La-5 PQ 10163[38]
southeast of Schlüsselburg 		101 27 January 1943 10:43 LaGG-3 PQ 10111[38]
– Stab II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[39]
Eastern Front — February 1943
102 9 February 1943 13:10 P-40 PQ 36 Ost 00422[42]
Pushkin/Mga 		106 11 February 1943 10:08 LaGG-3 PQ 36 Ost 00271[42]
15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Pushkin
103 9 February 1943 13:11 P-40 PQ 36 Ost 00434[42]
10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Mga 		107 19 February 1943 11:50 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 28351[43]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Demyansk
104 11 February 1943 09:52 P-40 PQ 36 Ost 00283[42]
20 km (12 mi) west of Mga 		108 21 February 1943 09:11 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 18463[43]
30 km (19 mi) west of Demyansk
105 11 February 1943 09:58 P-40 PQ 36 Ost 00263[42]
10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Schlüsselburg

Awards edit

Dates of rank edit

1 April 1934: Fahnenjunker[4]
May 1934: Fahnenjunker-Gefreiter[4]
1 December 1934: Fahnenjunker-Unteroffizier[4]
1 October 1935: Oberfähnrich[4]
1 April 1936: Leutnant (Second Lieutenant)[4]
1 February 1939: Oberleutnant (First Lieutenant)[7]
29 October 1940: Hauptmann (Captain)[4]
1 January 1943: Major (Major)[4]

Works edit

  • Hahn, Assi (1951). Ich spreche die Wahrheit! [I speak the truth!] (in German). Esslingen, Germany: Bechtle. OCLC 686542.

Notes edit

  1. ^ Until late September 1941, the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves was second only to the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross (Großkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes), which was awarded only to senior commanders for winning a major battle or campaign, in the military order of the Third Reich. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves as highest military order was surpassed on 28 September 1941 by the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern).[1]
  2. ^ For an explanation of Luftwaffe unit designations see Organization of the Luftwaffe during World War II.
  3. ^ IAP—Istrebitelny Aviatsionny Polk (Fighter Aviation Regiment—Истребительный Авиационный Полк)
  4. ^ This unconfirmed claim is not listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock.[22]
  5. ^ The numbering sequence used by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock omits a 5th aerial victory.[22] Subsequently the numbering range provided by the authors renders aerial victories labeled 1 to 4 and continues with the range 6 to 108.
  6. ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman this claim is unconfirmed.[24]
  7. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3.[39]
  8. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Polikarpov R-5.[39]
  9. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as an Ilyushin Il-2.[31]
  10. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 08:50.[31]
  11. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 09:49.[39]

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ Williamson & Bujeiro 2004, pp. 3, 7.
  2. ^ Stockert 2012, p. 193.
  3. ^ Crandall 2002, p. 7.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Crandall 2002, p. 116.
  5. ^ Crandall 2002, pp. 7–8.
  6. ^ a b Crandall 2002, p. 8.
  7. ^ a b Crandall 2002, p. 10.
  8. ^ Crandall 2002, p. 11.
  9. ^ a b Crandall 2002, p. 13.
  10. ^ Steinecke 2012, p. 22.
  11. ^ Franks 1998, p. 67.
  12. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
  13. ^ Hahn 1951, pp. 7, 251.
  14. ^ Hahn 1951, p. 7.
  15. ^ Crandall 2002, p. 115.
  16. ^ Spick 1996, p. 232.
  17. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 465–467.
  18. ^ Planquadrat.
  19. ^ a b c d Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 465.
  20. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2000, p. 115.
  21. ^ a b Prien et al. 2000, p. 116.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2002, p. 121.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2002, p. 122.
  24. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 465–466.
  25. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 150.
  26. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2003, p. 460.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2003, p. 462.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2003, p. 461.
  29. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2003, p. 463.
  30. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2003, p. 464.
  31. ^ a b c Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 466.
  32. ^ a b Prien et al. 2004, p. 287.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2004, p. 288.
  34. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2004, p. 289.
  35. ^ Prien et al. 2004, p. 291.
  36. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 466–467.
  37. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2006, p. 155.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Prien et al. 2006, p. 158.
  39. ^ a b c d Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 467.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2006, p. 156.
  41. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 157.
  42. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2012, p. 268.
  43. ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 269.
  44. ^ a b Thomas 1997, p. 241.
  45. ^ Crandall 2002, p. 160.
  46. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 160.
  47. ^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 361.
  48. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 211.
  49. ^ Von Seemen 1976, p. 152.
  50. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 55.
  51. ^ Von Seemen 1976, p. 26.

Bibliography edit

  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]. "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  • Crandall, Jerry (2002). Major Hans "Assi" Hahn—The Man and his Machines. Hamilton, MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9721060-0-9.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Franks, Norman L. R. (1998). Royal Air Force Fighter Command Losses of the Second World War, Volume 2. Midland. ISBN 978-1-85780-075-3.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 2 G–L. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-19-6.
  • Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
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