The clan settles the apex of the Horn of Africa and its peripheries,[5] and in the south, the clan settles on both sides of the Kenya-Somalia border.[6][7][8]
The Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia) was founded in the mid-18th century. It rose to prominence the following century, under the reign of the resourceful Boqor (King) Osman Mahamuud.[9] Centred in Aluula, it controlled much of northern and central Somalia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The polity maintained a robust trading network, entered into treaties with foreign powers, and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front.[10][11]
With the gradual extension of European colonial rule into northern Somalia, all three sultanates were annexed to Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland in the early 20th century.
Darawiish sultanate-emirate-chieftainshipedit
The Darawiish, mostly hailed from the Dhulbahante and drew the majority of its followers from this clan; the four major Darawiish administrative divisions, i.e. Dooxato, Shiikhyaale, Golaweyne and Miinanle were near exclusively Dhulbahante.[12][13][14] The Dhulbahante in Buuhodle were particularly the first and most persistent supporters of the Dervish chieftainship-emirate-sultanate.[15] The poet Aadan Carab noted that the Dhulbahante experienced a genocide at the hands of European colonialists due to their Darawiish adherence, noting the Dhulbahante genocide in his poem Diidda Ama Yeella.[16] The Dervish chieftainship-sultanate resisted colonial occupation, especially the British who were aided by other Somali clans.[17]
Foundation of Puntlandedit
In 1998, the Harti community convened at Garowe to discuss their political future. The conference lasted for a period of three months. Attended by the area's political elite, traditional elders (Issims), members of the business community, intellectuals and other civil society representatives, the autonomous Puntland State of Somalia was established to deliver services to the population, offer security, facilitate trade, and interact with domestic and international partners.[18]Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed served as the fledgling state's founding president.[19]
Clan treeedit
There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is taken from the World Bank's Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and the United Kingdom's Home Office publication, Somalia Assessment 2001.[20][21]
Iman (Zara Mohamed Abdulmajid), a Somali-American fashion model, actress and entrepreneur. A pioneer in the ethnic-cosmetics market, she is also noted for her philanthropic work. She is the widow of English rock musician David Bowie.
Abdulqawi Yusuf, lawyer and judge at the International Court of Justice.
Ali A. Abdi, sociologist and educationist, professor of education and international development, the University of British Columbia.
Abdullahi (Daan) Saleh Yusuf, notable businessman from the geesaguule sub-clan of harti
Royaltyedit
Diiriye Guure, head / sultan of Dhulbahante,[22] a position that coalesced with the Dervish[23]
Abdirizak Jurile, Veteran Politician, Former Minister of Planning and In't Cooperations of Somalia. Former Minister of Postal cooperation of Somalia. Diplomat, Head of numerous UN organizations and professor.
Abdullahi Bile Noor, longest served Somali MP, State-Minister of Education and Higher learning of Somalia Government
Hassan Abshir Farah, former Mogadishu mayor, Somalia ambassador to Japan and later to Germany, interior minister of Puntland
Omar Fateh, first Somali and Muslim State Senator in Minnesota
Hassan Ali Mire, first Minister of Education of the Somali Democratic Republic; former Chairman of the Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF).
Hirsi Magan Isse, scholar and revolutionary leader with the Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF).
Ilhan Omar, a Somali-American politician, currently a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives representing the 60B district. On November 6, 2018, Omar was elected to the United States House of Representatives for Minnesota's 5th congressional district. She was the first Somali member of congress and the second female Muslim to be elected (the first is Rashida Tlaib who will represent Michigan's 13th congressional district) She will be officially sworn into office on January 3, 2019.
Jama Ali Jama, Colonel in the Somali military and former President of Puntland
^Lewis, I M (1999). A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somalis. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 208. ISBN 9783825830847. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
^PDRC (2007). "The Puntland Experience: A Bottom-up Approach to Peace and State Building (1991-2007)" (PDF). Interpeace: 8. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
^Adam, Asha. "Legitimizing Puntland: Exploring Puntland's hybrid political order (Master's Thesis)" (PDF). Norwegian University of Life Sciences: 14. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
^Marchal, Ronald (2014). "The Puntland State of Somalia. A Tentative Social Analysis". HAL: 15. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
^Bradbury, M. "PART IV KISMAYO: PEACE-MAKING" (PDF). Oxfam Library. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
^Elder, Claire; Yusuf, Zakaria (2013-05-21). "Jubaland in Jeopardy: The Uneasy Path to State-Building in Somalia". International Crisis Group. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
^Bryden, Matt. "Report on Mission to Haud Area (REGION 5)". UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
^Helen Chapin Metz, ed., Somalia: a country study, (The Division: 1993), p. 10 ISBN 0844407755.
^Horn of Africa, Volume 15, Issues 1–4, (Horn of Africa Journal: 1997), p. 130.
^Transformation towards a regulated economy, (WSP Transition Programme, Somali Programme: 2000) p. 62.
^Hoehne, Markus V. (2016). "Dervish State (Somali)". The Encyclopedia of Empire: 1–2.
^De Vries, Lotje; Englebert, Pierre; Schomerus, Schomerus (21 September 2018). Secessionism in African Politics: Aspiration, Grievance, Performance, Disenchantment. Springer. p. 96.
^Feyissa, Dereje; Höhne, Markus V. (2010). Borders & Borderlands as Resources in the Horn of Africa. Boydell and Brewer. p. 114.
^Aadan-carab: 1917-2001 : maanmsoyahannadii hore kii u dambeeyey. Axmed F. Cali, p 314
^Hoehne, Markus V. (2006). "Political identity, emerging state structures and conflict in northern Somalia". Journal of Modern African Studies. 44 (4): 405.
^His Excellency Abdirahman Mohamed Mohamud (Farole). President of Puntland State of Somalia Somalia: Puntland's Experience in Peace-building and State-building Archived 17 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. garoweonline.com (3 April 2012)
^Somalia Business Law Handbook: Strategic Information and Laws. International Business Publications. 2013. p. 102. ISBN 978-1438771045. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
^Worldbank, Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics, January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p.55 Figure A-1
^Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001, Annex B: Somali Clan Structure Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine, p. 43
^Spearce, Walter (August 1903). Somali Campaign. The third leader is Deeria Goori, of the Dolbahanta tribe, who was badly wounded at the Battle of Gunrburru ... These men are the heads of their respective tribes, and are all wealthy and powerful.
^Osman Omar, Mohamed (2001). The Scramble in the Horn of Africa; History of Somalia (1827-1977)(PDF). Indiana University. p. 333. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-13. . This letter is sent by all the Dervishes, the Amir, and all the Dolbahanta to the Ruler of Berbera ... We are a Government, we have a Sultan, an Amir, and Chiefs, and subjects ... In his last letter the Mullah pretends to speak in the name of the Dervishes, their Amir (himself), and the Dolbahanta tribes. This letter shows his object is to establish himself as the Ruler of the Dolbahanta, and it has a Mahdist look
^"WAR DEG DEG AH Golihii wasiirada ee dowlad goboleedka Puntland oo Caawa la Ansixiyay laguna dhawaaqay". 2009-01-17.
Referencesedit
Drake-Brockman, Ralph Evelyn (1912). British Somaliland. Hurst & Blackett.