Heap (mathematics)

Summary

In abstract algebra, a semiheap is an algebraic structure consisting of a non-empty set H with a ternary operation denoted that satisfies a modified associativity property:[1]: 56 

A biunitary element h of a semiheap satisfies [h,h,k] = k = [k,h,h] for every k in H.[1]: 75, 6 

A heap is a semiheap in which every element is biunitary.[1]: 80  It can be thought of as a group with the identity element "forgotten".

The term heap is derived from груда, Russian for "heap", "pile", or "stack". Anton Sushkevich used the term in his Theory of Generalized Groups (1937) which influenced Viktor Wagner, promulgator of semiheaps, heaps, and generalized heaps.[1]: 11  Груда contrasts with группа (group) which was taken into Russian by transliteration. Indeed, a heap has been called a groud in English text.[2])

Examples

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Two element heap

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Turn   into the cyclic group  , by defining   the identity element, and  . Then it produces the following heap:

 
 

Defining   as the identity element and   would have given the same heap.

Heap of integers

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If   are integers, we can set   to produce a heap. We can then choose any integer   to be the identity of a new group on the set of integers, with the operation  

 

and inverse

 .

Heap of a group

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The previous two examples may be generalized to any group G by defining the ternary relation as   using the multiplication and inverse of G.

Heap of a groupoid with two objects

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The heap of a group may be generalized again to the case of a groupoid which has two objects A and B when viewed as a category. The elements of the heap may be identified with the morphisms from A to B, such that three morphisms x, y, z define a heap operation according to  

This reduces to the heap of a group if a particular morphism between the two objects is chosen as the identity. This intuitively relates the description of isomorphisms between two objects as a heap and the description of isomorphisms between multiple objects as a groupoid.

Heterogeneous relations

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Let A and B be different sets and   the collection of heterogeneous relations between them. For   define the ternary operator   where qT is the converse relation of q. The result of this composition is also in   so a mathematical structure has been formed by the ternary operation.[3] Viktor Wagner was motivated to form this heap by his study of transition maps in an atlas which are partial functions.[4] Thus a heap is more than a tweak of a group: it is a general concept including a group as a trivial case.

Theorems

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Theorem: A semiheap with a biunitary element e may be considered an involuted semigroup with operation given by ab = [a, e, b] and involution by a–1 = [e, a, e].[1]: 76 

When the above construction is applied to a heap, the result is in fact a group.[1]: 143  Note that the identity e of the group can be chosen to be any element of the heap.

Theorem: Every semiheap may be embedded in an involuted semigroup.[1]: 78 

As in the study of semigroups, the structure of semiheaps is described in terms of ideals with an "i-simple semiheap" being one with no proper ideals. Mustafaeva translated the Green's relations of semigroup theory to semiheaps and defined a ρ class to be those elements generating the same principle two-sided ideal. He then proved that no i-simple semiheap can have more than two ρ classes.[5]

He also described regularity classes of a semiheap S:

  where n and m have the same parity and the ternary operation of the semiheap applies at the left of a string from S.

He proves that S can have at most 5 regularity classes. Mustafaev calls an ideal B "isolated" when   He then proves that when S = D(2,2), then every ideal is isolated and conversely.[6]

Studying the semiheap Z(A, B) of heterogeneous relations between sets A and B, in 1974 K. A. Zareckii followed Mustafaev's lead to describe ideal equivalence, regularity classes, and ideal factors of a semiheap.[7]

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  • A pseudoheap or pseudogroud satisfies the partial para-associative condition[4]
     [dubious – discuss]
  • A Malcev operation satisfies the identity law but not necessarily the para-associative law,[8] that is, a ternary operation   on a set   satisfying the identity  .
  • A semiheap or semigroud is required to satisfy only the para-associative law but need not obey the identity law.[9]
    An example of a semigroud that is not in general a groud is given by M a ring of matrices of fixed size with   where • denotes matrix multiplication and T denotes matrix transpose.[9]
  • An idempotent semiheap is a semiheap where   for all a.
  • A generalised heap or generalised groud is an idempotent semiheap where   and   for all a and b.

A semigroud is a generalised groud if the relation → defined by   is reflexive (idempotence) and antisymmetric. In a generalised groud, → is an order relation.[10]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g C.D. Hollings & M.V. Lawson (2017) Wagner's Theory of Generalised Heaps, Springer books ISBN 978-3-319-63620-7 MR3729305
  2. ^ Schein (1979) pp.101–102: footnote (o)
  3. ^ Christopher Hollings (2014) Mathematics across the Iron Curtain: a history of the algebraic theory of semigroups, pages 264,5, History of Mathematics 41, American Mathematical Society ISBN 978-1-4704-1493-1
  4. ^ a b Vagner (1968)
  5. ^ L. G. Mustafaev (1966) "Ideal equivalences of semiheaps" MR0202892
  6. ^ L. G. Mustafaev (1965) "Regularity classes of semiheaps" MR0209386
  7. ^ K. A. Zareckii (1974) "Semiheaps of binary relations" MR0364526
  8. ^ Borceux, Francis; Bourn, Dominique (2004). Mal'cev, Protomodular, Homological and Semi-Abelian Categories. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-1961-6.
  9. ^ a b Moldavs'ka, Z. Ja. "Linear semiheaps". Dopovidi Ahad. Nauk Ukrain. RSR Ser. A. 1971: 888–890, 957. MR 0297918.
  10. ^ Schein (1979) p.104

References

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  • Mal'cev variety at the nLab