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Herbert L. Anderson

Summary

Herbert Lawrence Anderson (May 24, 1914 – July 16, 1988) was an American nuclear physicist who was Professor of Physics at the University of Chicago.

Herbert L. Anderson
Born
Herbert Lawrence Anderson

(1914-05-24)May 24, 1914
New York City, U.S.
DiedJuly 16, 1988(1988-07-16) (aged 74)
Los Alamos, New Mexico, U.S.
Alma materColumbia University (BA, BS, PhD)
Known forInvolvement in the Manhattan Project
AwardsEnrico Fermi Award (1982)
Scientific career
FieldsNuclear physics
InstitutionsUniversity of Chicago

He contributed to the Manhattan Project. He was also a member of the team which made the first demonstration of nuclear fission in the United States, in the basement of Pupin Hall at Columbia University. He participated in the first atomic bomb test, codenamed Trinity. After the close of World War II, he was a professor of physics at the University of Chicago until his retirement in 1982. There, he helped Fermi establish the Enrico Fermi Institute and was its director from 1958 to 1962. The latter part of his career was as a senior fellow at Los Alamos National Laboratory. He was a recipient of the Enrico Fermi Award.

Education edit

Born in New York City, to a Jewish family. Anderson's lineage to Rabbi Meir Katzenellenbogen, the Maharam of Padua, is detailed in The Unbroken Chain.[1] Anderson earned three degrees at Columbia University, a Bachelor of Arts in 1931,[2] a Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering in 1935, and a PhD in physics in 1940.[3]

John R. Dunning, professor of physics at Columbia, closely followed the work of Ernest Lawrence on the cyclotron. Dunning wanted a more powerful neutron source and the cyclotron appeared as an attractive tool to achieve this. During 1935 and 1936, he constructed a cyclotron using many salvaged parts to reduce costs, and with funding from industrial and private donations. The cyclotron project began as Anderson was completing his engineering degree. At the suggestion of Professor Dana Mitchell, Dunning offered Anderson a teaching assistant position if he would also help design and build the cyclotron. While working on his doctorate, Anderson made two major contributions to the project. The first was to design a high frequency filament supply, rather than the commonly used direct current version. This fostered longer filament life in the high magnetic field environment of a cyclotron. The second and more important contribution was the use of a pair of concentric lines to feed the cyclotron dees (cyclotron electrodes in the shape of a "D"), rather than the usual induction system. This refinement resulted in greater cyclotron efficiency and became a regular feature in cyclotron design. Others assisting Anderson in the construction of the cyclotron were Eugene T. Booth, G. Norris Glasoe, Hugh Glassford, and professor Dunning. In anticipation of conducting experiments with the cyclotron, Anderson also built an ionization chamber and a linear amplifier in late 1938.[3][4][5]

In December 1938, the German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann sent a manuscript to Naturwissenschaften reporting they had detected the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons;[6] simultaneously, they communicated these results to Lise Meitner. Meitner, and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch, correctly interpreted these results as being nuclear fission.[7] Frisch confirmed this experimentally on January 13, 1939.[8] In 1944, Hahn received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the discovery of nuclear fission. Some historians have documented the history of the discovery of nuclear fission and believe Meitner should have been awarded the Nobel Prize with Hahn.[9][10][11]

Even before it was published, Meitner's and Frisch's interpretation of the work of Hahn and Strassmann crossed the Atlantic Ocean with Niels Bohr, who was to lecture at Princeton University. Isidor Isaac Rabi and Willis Lamb, two University of Columbia physicists working at Princeton, heard the news and carried it back to Columbia. Rabi said he told Fermi; Fermi gave credit to Lamb. Bohr soon afterwards went from Princeton to Columbia to see Fermi. Not finding Fermi in his office, Bohr went to the cyclotron area and found Anderson. Bohr grabbed him by the shoulder and said: "Young man, let me explain to you about something new and exciting in physics."[12] It was clear to scientists at Columbia that they should try to detect the energy released in the nuclear fission of uranium from neutron bombardment. On January 25, 1939, Anderson was a member of the experimental team at Columbia University that conducted the first nuclear fission experiment in the United States,[13] which was conducted in the basement of Pupin Hall; the other members of the team were Eugene T. Booth, John R. Dunning, Enrico Fermi, G. Norris Glasoe, and Francis G. Slack.[14]

Fermi had arrived at Columbia a short time before this historic demonstration. This bringing together of Fermi and Anderson resulted in a rewarding relationship lasting until the death of Fermi in 1954. Fermi and Anderson conducted a series of experiments at Columbia on the slowing of neutrons in graphite, absorption and reflection of slow neutrons by numerous relevant materials, fissioning of uranium, and preliminary experiments using a lattice of uranium in graphite. A paper based on Anderson's PhD thesis, Resonance Capture of Neutrons by Uranium,[15] for security reasons, was not published until 10 years later.[3]

Chain reaction edit

In February 1942, as part of the Manhattan Project, the Metallurgical Laboratory (Met Lab) was established at the University of Chicago. Anderson worked under Fermi in the design and construction of Chicago Pile-1 (CP-1), which achieved the first manmade nuclear chain reaction on December 2, 1942.[16][17][18] Thereafter, Anderson led the construction of CP-2 at Argonne National Laboratory in 1943. He was also a key consultant to DuPont in the design and construction of the Hanford reactors, which generated fissionable plutonium for the U.S. nuclear arsenal.[3]

In 1944, Anderson went to the Los Alamos National Laboratory, where he participated in using the Omega reactor to determine the critical mass of uranium-235. In preparation for the first nuclear device test on July 16, 1945, which was codenamed Trinity, Anderson, with his radiochemist colleagues, developed a method of determining the nuclear yield by collecting fission products at the detonation site. This technique was later perfected for nuclear yield determinations through the analysis of airborne fission products.[3][19]

After the conclusion of World War II, Fermi and Anderson returned to the University of Chicago. There, they established the Institute for Nuclear Studies (today the Enrico Fermi Institute). At the University, Anderson was assistant professor of physics 1946 to 1947, associate professor 1947 to 1950, professor 1950 to 1977, and distinguished service professor 1977 to 1982. From 1958 to 1962, Anderson was director of the Enrico Fermi Institute.[3]

In addition to Anderson's work in Italy and Brazil, he was intermittently at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Finally, he returned there in 1978 as a fellow and then a senior fellow until his death from an almost 40-year struggle with berylliosis. His death on July 16, 1988, at Los Alamos, New Mexico, was on the 43rd anniversary of the first test of an atomic bomb.[3]

Death edit

Anderson's death was caused by lung failure, a derivative result of berylliosis — chronic beryllium poisoning, which he contracted during his work on the uranium project during the early days of World War II.

Honors and appointments edit

Anderson's distinguished career earned him a number of honors:[3]

Works edit

Articles
  • H. L. Anderson, E. T. Booth, J. R. Dunning, E. Fermi, G. N. Glasoe, and F. G. Slack The Fission of Uranium, Phys. Rev. Volume 55, Number 5, 511 - 512 (1939). Institutional citation: Pupin Physics Laboratories, Columbia University, New York, New York. Received 16 February 1939.
  • H. L. Anderson, E. Fermi, and Leo Szilard Neutron Production and Absorption in Uranium, Phys. Rev. Volume 56, Issue 3, 284 - 286 (1939). Institutional citation: Columbia University, New York, New York. Received 3 July 1939.
  • Harold M. Agnew and Herbert L. Anderson Double Magnetic Lens Nuclear Spectrometer, Rev. Sci. Instrum. Volume 20, 869 (1949). Institutional citation: Institute for Nuclear Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
  • Herbert L. Anderson Resonance Capture of Neutrons by Uranium, Phys. Rev. Volume 80, Issue 4, 499 - 506 (1950). Institutional citation: Columbia University, New York, New York. Received 27 April 1940. When Anderson submitted the paper, based on his doctoral thesis, he was a University Fellow, at Columbia University. For national security reasons, the paper was not published until 10 years later. By then, Anderson was at the Institute for Nuclear Studies, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
Books
  • Herbert L. Anderson AIP 50th Anniversary Physics Vade Mecum (American Institute of Physics, 1981) ISBN 0-88318-289-0
  • Herbert L. Anderson (Editor-in-Chief) A Physicist's Desk Reference (American Institute of Physics, New York, 1989) ISBN 0-88318-610-1
  • Herbert L. Anderson John Ray Dunning 1907 – 1975 in Biographical Memoir 163-186 (National Academy of Sciences, 1989).

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ Rosenstein, Neil. The Unbroken Chain: Biographical Sketches and Genealogy of Illustrious Jewish Families from the 15th-20th Century, Volumes 1 and 2, Revised Edition, CIS Publishers: New York, 1990. ISBN 0-9610578-4-X
  2. ^ Columbia College (Columbia University). Office of Alumni Affairs and Development; Columbia College (Columbia University) (1955). Columbia College today. Columbia University Libraries. New York, N.Y. : Columbia College, Office of Alumni Affairs and Development.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Harold M. Agnew Biographical Memoirs: Herbert L. Anderson (National Academy of Sciences).
  4. ^ Broad, William J. Columbia's Historic Atom Smasher Is Now Destined for the Junk Heap, New York Times 20 December 2007. PDF.
  5. ^ Herbert L. Anderson John Ray Dunning 1907 – 1975 in Biographical Memoir 163-186 (National Academy of Sciences, 1989).
  6. ^ O. Hahn and F. Strassmann Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle (On the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by irradiation of uranium with neutrons), Naturwissenschaften Volume 27, Number 1, 11-15 (1939). The authors were identified as being at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Chemie, Berlin-Dahlem. Received 22 December 1938.
  7. ^ Lise Meitner and O. R. Frisch Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: a New Type of Nuclear Reaction, Nature, Volume 143, Number 3615, 239-240 (11 February 1939). The paper is dated 16 January 1939. Meitner is identified as being at the Physical Institute, Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. Frisch is identified as being at the Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Copenhagen.
  8. ^ O. R. Frisch Physical Evidence for the Division of Heavy Nuclei under Neutron Bombardment, Nature, Volume 143, Number 3616, 276-276 (18 February 1939) Archived 23 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. The paper is dated 17 January 1939. [The experiment for this letter to the editor was conducted on 13 January 1939; see Richard Rhodes The Making of the Atomic Bomb 263 and 268 (Simon and Schuster, 1986).]
  9. ^ Ruth Lewin Sime From Exceptional Prominence to Prominent Exception: Lise Meitner at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry Ergebnisse 24 Forschungsprogramm Geschichte der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft im Nationalsozialismus (2005).
  10. ^ Ruth Lewin Sime Lise Meitner: A Life in Physics (University of California, 1997).
  11. ^ Elisabeth Crawford, Ruth Lewin Sime, and Mark Walker A Nobel Tale of Postwar Injustice, Physics Today Volume 50, Issue 9, 26-32 (1997).
  12. ^ Richard Rhodes The Making of the Atomic Bomb 268 (Simon and Schuster, 1986).
  13. ^ H. L. Anderson, E. T. Booth, J. R. Dunning, E. Fermi, G. N. Glasoe, and F. G. Slack The Fission of Uranium, Phys. Rev. Volume 55, Number 5, 511 - 512 (1939). Institutional citation: Pupin Physics Laboratories, Columbia University, New York, New York. Received 16 February 1939.
  14. ^ Richard Rhodes The Making of the Atomic Bomb 267-270 (Simon and Schuster, 1986).
  15. ^ Herbert L. Anderson Resonance Capture of Neutrons by Uranium, Phys. Rev. Volume 80, Issue 4, 499 - 506 (1950). Institutional citation: Columbia University, New York, New York. Received 27 April 1940.
  16. ^ "Enrico Fermi, architect of the nuclear age, dies". Autumn 1954. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2015.
  17. ^ "Enrico Fermi Dead at 53; Architect of Atomic Bomb; Noted Nuclear Physicist Built First Reactor -Won A.E.C. Award ,Fermi, Architect of Atomic Bomb DiesI". The New York Times. November 29, 1954.
  18. ^ Herken, Gregg (November 18, 2016). "He's the Bomb: An Enrico Fermi Biography". The New York Times.
  19. ^ Richard Rhodes The Making of the Atomic Bomb 652-653, 655, and 677 (Simon and Schuster, 1986).
  20. ^ "APS Fellow Archive".
  21. ^ "Anders, Herbert L." National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  22. ^ "Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter A" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved April 18, 2011.

Sources edit

  • Harold M. Agnew [Director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory 1970 to 1979] Biographical Memoirs: Herbert L. Anderson (National Academy of Sciences)

External links edit

  • 1965 Audio Interview with Herbert L. Anderson by Stephane Groueff Voices of the Manhattan Project
  • 1986 Audio Interview with Herbert L. Anderson by S. L. Sanger Voices of the Manhattan Project
  • Oral History interview transcript for Herbert L. Anderson on 13 January 1981, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session I
  • Oral History interview transcript for Herbert L. Anderson on 13 January 1981, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session II
  • Annotated Bibliography for Herbert L. Anderson from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
  • National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
  • Guide to the Herbert L. Anderson Papers 1911-1988 from the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

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