Summary
Hexa(tert-butoxy)ditungsten(III) is a coordination complex of tungsten(III). It is one of the homoleptic alkoxides of tungsten. A red, air-sensitive solid, the complex has attracted academic attention as the precursor to many organotungsten derivatives. It an example of a charge-neutral complex featuring a W≡W bond, arising from the coupling of a pair of d3 metal centers.
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3D model (JSmol)
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PubChem CID
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| Properties | |
| C24H54O6W2 | |
| Molar mass | 806.37 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | red solid |
| Density | 1.651 g/cm3 |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references
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Synthesis edit
Hexa(tert-butoxy)ditungsten(III) was first discovered by M. H. Chisholm and M. Extine in 1975.[1] They synthesized hexa(tert-butoxy)ditungsten(III) by reacting tungsten(III) dialkylamides with t-BuOH in organic solvents. They also found that W2(O-t-Bu)6 reacts with carbon dioxide in toluene to form green W2(O-t-Bu)4(O2CO-t-Bu)2 under room temperature. In CO2, these compounds can be separated from cooled toluene purely. Without the presence of CO2, W2(O-t-Bu)4(O2CO-t-Bu)2 is regenerated into W2(O-t-Bu)6 reversibly.
W2(O-t-Bu)6 can also be synthesized by using NaW2Cl7(THF)5 as reactant in THF with addition of NaO-t-Bu under ambient temperature for 18 hours.[2][3] After the reaction, the solvent is removed, and it becomes a red slurry. Further cooling (-35oC) and decantation or vacuum filtration separate red crystalline W2(O-t-Bu)6. The salt metathesis reaction from the THF complex of ditungsten heptachloride is as follows:
NaW2Cl7(THF)5 + 6 NaO-t-Bu → W2(O-t-Bu)6 + 7 NaCl + 5 THF
Characteristics edit
These needle-like red crystals are highly unstable under oxygen and water and can be dissolved in most organic solvents such as diethyl ether and pentane. They are found in dimers with two tungsten(III) bond with each other to form triple bonds. These two W(III) form pseudotetrahedral center and adopt a staggered, ethane-like conformation, similar to its dimolybdenum analogue. The structure of the compound was investigated by Chisholm and his team using single crystal X-ray diffraction. The investigation was performed in a C-centered monoclinic crystal. In C2/c space group, there is one half inversion center molecule and one whole molecule in general position. There are several orientations for each position which leads to the length of WW ranging from 1.74 to 2.53 Å. The orientation of t-butyl groups in each W are one direct away from WW (distal) and two over WW (proximal). This arrangement had been calculated as the best to minimize the steric repulsing effect.
This compound can be decomposed into WO2, t-BuOH, and isobutylene, with trace amount of water under 200oC. This compound can react easily with alkynes or nitriles to generate RC≡W(O-t-Bu)3 or both RC≡W(O-t-Bu)3 and N≡W(O-t-Bu)3. With excess amount of nitrile, only N≡W(O-t-Bu)3 are formed along with RC≡CR. RC≡W(O-t-Bu)3 is important catalyst for alkyne metathesis while N≡W(O-t-Bu)3 is a catalyst for nitrogen exchange of nitriles. The C≡W bond in RC≡W(O-t-Bu)3 was concluded to behave as polarized C(-)≡W(+). Thus, the metathesis catalytic reaction starts with tungsten as electrophilic attacker to attack acetylene and followed by alkylidyne carbon as nucleophilic attacker to attack acetylenic carbon atom.
Reactivity edit
Reaction with carbonyl[4] edit
Carbon monoxide can react with W2(O-t-Bu)6 to form W2(O-t-Bu)6(CO). This compound has a carbonyl group that acts as a bridge between two W(III) atoms and has a similar structure to cyclopropenone. This compound can further react with i-PrOH to generate W4(μ-CO)2(O-i-Pr)12.
Reaction with alkynes edit
Schrock first reported the “Chop Chop Reaction”, which is the cleavage of C≡C and W≡W bonds into the formation of C≡W bonds:[5]
W2(O-t-Bu)6 + RC≡CR → 2[RC≡W(O-t-Bu)3]
Where R can be Me, Et, Pr. The reaction happens at around 25 oC in less than an hour. The reaction rate increases in the following order: 4-octyne, 3-hexyne, 2-butyne. The resulting compounds are all colorless and sublime at room temperature. However, W2(O-t-Bu)6 doesn’t react with PhC≡CPh or Me3SiC≡CSiMe3. It is because of unfavorable electronics and steric effects respectively. Instead, it can react with two equivalents of EtC≡CPh, EtC≡CSiMe3, or EtC≡C–CH=CH2 to form corresponding RC≡W(O-t-Bu)3 compounds (R = Ph, SiMe3, HC=CH2). W2(O-t-Bu)6 reacts more easily with asymmetric substitute acetylenes than symmetric ones:
W2(O-t-Bu)6 + 2EtC≡CR → 2[RC≡W(O-t-Bu)3] + EtC≡CEt
This reaction includes an alkyne adduct on the μ-perpendicular site to increase both the length of WW bonds and CC (alkyne) bonds. This intermediate can be analogue as a dimetallatetrahedranes and further react into RC≡W(O-t-Bu)3 with internal redox reaction. The resulting RC≡W(O-t-Bu)3 is a catalyst for metathesis reactions. RC≡W(O-t-Bu)3 can react with normal alkynes for metathesis reactions and also with terminal alkynes for both metathesis reactions and polymerizations.[6]
Besides simple metathesis reactions, W2(O-t-Bu)6 also reacts with 3-hexyne in a 1:1 molar ratio to form a triangular tritungsten complex compound [W3(O-t-Bu)5(μ-O)(μ-CEt)O]2.[7] This reaction takes about 3 days under 75-80 oC in toluene. This reaction has a two steps mechanism; first is the C≡C and W≡W metathesis reaction and follow by formal addition of carbyne (W≡C) to alkoxide (W2):
W2(O-t-Bu)6 + RC≡CR → 2[RC≡W(O-t-Bu)3]
W2(O-t-Bu)6 + RC≡W(O-t-Bu)3 → W3(O-t-Bu)5(μ-O)(μ-CEt)O → [W3(O-t-Bu)5(μ-O)(μ-CEt)O]2
W2(O-t-Bu)6 also reacts with EtC≡CC≡CEt to form (t-Bu-O)3W≡CC≡W(O-t-Bu)3:
W2(O-t-Bu)6 + EtC≡CC≡CEt → (t-Bu-O)3W≡CC≡W(O-t-Bu)3 + EtC≡CEt
This compound, however, does not act as a metathesis catalyst.
Reaction with nitriles edit
Similar to the reaction with alkynes, W2(O-t-Bu)6 react with RC≡N by “Chop Chop reaction” in a ratio of 1:1 to form equivalent amount of RC≡W(O-t-Bu)3 and N≡W(O-t-Bu)3:[8]
W2(O-t-Bu)6 + RC≡N → RC≡W(O-t-Bu)3 + N≡W(O-t-Bu)3
Although W2(O-t-Bu)6 reacts with nitriles, it doesn’t react with nitrogen (N≡N).
When C≡C and C≡N bond both exist, W2(O-t-Bu)6 reacts more rapidly with C≡N than C≡C bond. Here’s an example of W2(O-t-Bu)6 reacting with EtC≡CCN in the presence of quinuclidine:
W2(O-t-Bu)6 + EtC≡CCN + 12quin → EtC≡CC≡W(O-t-Bu)3(quin) + N≡W(O-t-Bu)3
On the other hand, the metathesis catalyst MeC≡W(O-t-Bu)3 reacts more rapidly with C≡C than C≡N bond. Similar reaction with EtC≡CCN and quinuclidine produce different product:
MeC≡W(O-t-Bu)3 + EtC≡CCN + 12quin → NCC≡W(O-t-Bu)3(quin) + EtC≡CMe
Reaction with nitroso[9] edit
Cotton successfully reacted W2(O-t-Bu)6 with nitrosobenzene to synthesize a three-bridge compound [W(O-t-Bu)2(NPh)]2(μ-O)(μ-O-t-Bu)2. This reaction undergoes two oxidative additions to form W=N bonds. However, they couldn’t figure out where the one missing oxygen went. This reaction is the first discovered reaction of a nitroso with metal multiple bonds.
Reaction with allenes[10][11] edit
W2(O-t-Bu)6 can also react with allene (H2C=C=CH2) for adduction. In a ratio of 1:1, allene adduct on W2 to form a v-shape bridge structure:
W2(O-t-Bu)6 + H2C=C=CH2 → W2(O-t-Bu)6(C3H4)
This compound is synthesized under 0oC in hexane and crystallized under -72oC. It decomposes easily in solution at 0oC and in crystalline state at ~25oC but very stable at ~20oC. The bridging allene is parallel to the W2 bond. In a ratio of 1:2, the additional allene will bind to single metal center as typical bonding:
W2(O-t-Bu)6(C3H4) + 2H2C=C=CH2 → W2(O-t-Bu)6(C3H4)2
The product of 1:1 adduction can further react with carbon monoxide to form a similar structure to 1:2 adduction but adducted with carbon monoxide instead of allene:
W2(O-t-Bu)6(C3H4) + 2CO → W2(O-t-Bu)6(C3H4)(CO)2
Reaction using methylallene (MeHC=C=CH2) instead of allene is also feasible forming similar structures.
Reaction with platinum-alkynyls[12] edit
W2(O-t-Bu)6 can react with trans-Pt(C≡CH)2(PMe2Ph)2 to form (t-Bu-O)3W≡C–C≡W(O-t-Bu)3 and trans-(PMe2Ph)2Pt[C2W2(O-t-Bu)5]2.
References edit
- ^ Chisholm, M. H.; Extine, M. (September 1975). "New metalloorganic compounds of tungsten(III)". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 97 (19): 5625–5627. doi:10.1021/ja00852a074. ISSN 0002-7863.
- ^ Chisholm, M. H.; Eichhorn, B. W.; Folting, K.; Huffman, J. C.; Ontiveros, C. D.; Streib, W. E.; Van der Sluys, W. G. (September 1987). "Preparation and characterization of sodium heptachloropentakis(THF)ditungstate(1-). A synthetically useful precursor for X3W.tplbond.WX3 compounds where X = CH2-tert-Bu, NMe2 and O-tert-Bu". Inorganic Chemistry. 26 (19): 3182–3186. doi:10.1021/ic00266a024. ISSN 0020-1669.
- ^ Broderick, Erin M.; Browne, Samuel C.; Johnson, Marc J. A.; Hitt, Tracey A.; Girolami, Gregory S. (2014-05-02), Girolami, Gregory S.; Sattelberger, Alfred P. (eds.), "Dimolybdenum and Ditungsten Hexa(Alkoxides)", Inorganic Syntheses (1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 95–102, doi:10.1002/9781118744994.ch18, ISBN 978-1-118-74487-1, retrieved 2024-03-08
- ^ Chisholm, Malcolm H. (1987-11-03). "A molecular model for the reductive cleavage of carbon monoxide to carbide and oxide on reduced metal oxides". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 334 (1): 77–84. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(87)80039-6. ISSN 0022-328X.
- ^ Schrock, Richard R.; Listemann, Mark L.; Sturgeoff, Lynda G. (July 1982). "Metathesis of tungsten-tungsten triple bonds with acetylenes and nitriles to give alkylidyne and nitrido complexes". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 104 (15): 4291–4293. doi:10.1021/ja00379a061. ISSN 0002-7863.
- ^ Mortreux, André; Petit, Francis; Petit, Michèle; Szymanska-Buzar, Teresa (1995-02-23). "Reactions of W(CCMe3) (OCMe3)3 with terminal alkynes: metathesis and polymerization". Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical. 96 (2): 95–105. doi:10.1016/1381-1169(94)00004-2. ISSN 1381-1169.
- ^ Cotton, F. Albert; Schwotzer, Willi; Shamshoum, Edwar S. (October 1983). "A new type of triangular tritungsten cluster compound from reaction of 3-hexyne with hexa-tert-butoxyditungsten". Organometallics. 2 (10): 1340–1343. doi:10.1021/om50004a014. ISSN 0276-7333.
- ^ Listemann, Mark L.; Schrock, Richard R. (January 1985). "Multiple metal carbon bonds. 35. A general route to tri-tert-butoxytungsten alkylidyne complexes. Scission of acetylenes by ditungsten hexa-tert-butoxide". Organometallics. 4 (1): 74–83. doi:10.1021/om00120a014. ISSN 0276-7333.
- ^ Cotton, F. Albert; Shamshoum, Edwar S. (May 1984). "Oxidative addition of nitrosobenzene fragments across the triply bonded ditungsten hexa-tert-butoxide molecule. The preparation and structure of the tungsten-tert-butoxy complex [W(OCMe3)2(NPh)]2(.mu.-O)(.mu.-OCMe3)2". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 106 (11): 3222–3225. doi:10.1021/ja00323a026. ISSN 0002-7863.
- ^ Chacon, Stephanie T.; Chisholm, Malcolm H.; Folting, Kirsten; Huffman, John C.; Hampden-Smith, Mark J. (October 1991). "Allene adducts of ditungsten hexaalkoxides. Three modes of allene coordination to dinuclear centers as seen in the structures of W2(OBu-tert)6(C3H4), W2(OBu-tert)6(C3H4)2, and W2(OBu-tert)6(C3H4)(CO)2". Organometallics. 10 (10): 3722–3735. doi:10.1021/om00056a051. ISSN 0276-7333.
- ^ Cayton, Roger H.; Chacon, Stephanie T.; Chisholm, Malcolm H.; Hampden‐Smith, Mark J.; Huffman, John C.; Folting, Kirsten; Ellis, Paul D.; Huggins, Beth A. (November 1989). "Versatile Modes of Allene Bonding in the Structures of [W 2 (O t Bu) 6 (C 3 H 4 )], [W 2 (O t Bu) 6 (C 3 H 4 )(CO) 2 ], and [W 2 (O t Bu) 6 (C 3 H 4 ) 2 ]". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 28 (11): 1523–1525. doi:10.1002/anie.198915231. ISSN 0570-0833.
- ^ Cotton, F. Albert; Murillo, Carlos A.; Walton, Richard A., eds. (2005). "Multiple Bonds Between Metal Atoms". SpringerLink. doi:10.1007/b136230.