Summary
In genetics, the term horizontal resistance was first used by J. E. Vanderplank[1] to describe many-gene resistance, which is sometimes also called generalized resistance.[2] This contrasts with the term vertical resistance which was used to describe single-gene resistance. Raoul A. Robinson[3] further refined the definition of horizontal resistance. Unlike vertical resistance and parasitic ability, horizontal resistance and horizontal parasitic ability are entirely independent of each other in genetic terms.
In the first round of breeding for horizontal resistance, plants are exposed to pathogens and selected for partial resistance. Those with no resistance die, and plants unaffected by the pathogen have vertical resistance and are removed. The remaining plants have partial resistance and their seed is stored and bred back up to sufficient volume for further testing. The hope is that in these remaining plants are multiple types of partial-resistance genes, and by crossbreeding this pool back on itself, multiple partial resistance genes will come together and provide resistance to a larger variety of pathogens.
Successive rounds of breeding for horizontal resistance proceed in a more traditional fashion, selecting plants for disease resistance as measured by yield. These plants are exposed to native regional pathogens, and given minimal assistance in fighting them.[4]
References edit
- ^ Vanderplank, J.E. (1963) Plant Diseases: Epidemics and Control. Academic Press, New York and London, 349pp.
- ^ P.J. Keane (2012-04-04), "Horizontal or Generalized Resistance to Pathogens in Plants", in Christian Joseph Cumagun (ed.), Plant Pathology, InTech, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.462.1678, ISBN 978-953-51-0489-6
- ^ Robinson, Raoul A. (1976) Plant Pathosystems. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 184pp.
- ^ Don Lotter (2004), Beyond GMO … the REAL answer to healthy, disease resistant crops, Rodale Institute, retrieved 29 March 2016