In-situ conservation

Summary

In situ conservation is the on-site conservation or the conservation of genetic resources in natural populations of plant or animal species, such as forest genetic resources in natural populations of tree species.[1] This process protects the inhabitants and ensures the sustainability of the environment and ecosystem.

Its converse is ex situ conservation, where threatened species are moved to another location. These can include places like seed libraries, gene banks and more where they are protected through human intervention.[2]

Methods edit

Nature reserves edit

 
Waterton Biosphere Reserve in Canada

Nature reserves (or biosphere reserves) cover very large areas, often more than 5000 km2. They are used to protect species for a long time.

National parks edit

A national park is an area dedicated for the conservation of wildlife along with its environment. A national park is an area which is used to conserve scenery, natural and historical objects. It is usually a small reserve covering an area of about 100 to 500 square kilometers. Within biosphere reserves, one or more national parks may also exist.

Wildlife sanctuaries edit

Wildlife sanctuaries can provide a higher quality of life for animals who are moved there. These animals are placed in specialized habitats that allows for more species-specific behaviors to take place. Wildlife sanctuaries are often used for animals that have been in zoos, circuses, laboratories and more for a long time, and then live the rest of their lives with greater autonomy in these habitats.[2]

Biodiversity hotspots edit

 
Biodiversity hotspots across the world

Several international organizations focus their conservation work on areas designated as biodiversity hotspots.

According to Conservation International, to qualify as a biodiversity hotspot a region must meet two strict criteria:

  • it must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants (∆ 0.5% of the world's total) as endemics,
  • it has to have lost at least 70% of its original habitat.

Gene sanctuary edit

A gene sanctuary is an area where plants are conserved. It includes both biosphere reserves as well as national parks.

Benefits edit

One benefit of in situ conservation is that it maintains recovering populations in the environment where they have developed their distinctive properties. Another benefit is that this strategy helps ensure the ongoing processes of evolution and adaptation within their environments. As a last resort, ex situ conservation may be used on some or all of the population, when in situ conservation is too difficult, or impossible. The species gets adjusted to the natural disasters like drought, floods, forest fires and this method is very cheap and convenient.

Reserves edit

Wildlife and livestock conservation is mostly based on nothing.[clarification needed] This involves the protection of wildlife habitats. Also, sufficiently large reserves are maintained to enable the target species to exist in large numbers. The population size must be sufficient to enable the necessary genetic diversity to survive within the population, so that it has a good chance of continuing to adapt and evolve over time. This reserve size can be calculated for target species by examining the population density in naturally occurring situations. The reserves must then be protected from intrusion or destruction by man, and against other catastrophes.

Agriculture edit

In agriculture, in situ conservation techniques are an effective way to improve, maintain, and use traditional or native varieties of agricultural crops. Such methodologies link the positive output of scientific research with farmers' experience and field work.

First, the accessions of a variety stored at a germplasm bank and those of the same variety multiplied by farmers are jointly tested in the producers field and in the laboratory, under different situations and stresses. Thus, the scientific knowledge about the production characteristics of the native varieties is enhanced. Later, the best tested accessions are crossed, mixed, and multiplied under replicable situations. At last, these improved accessions are supplied to the producers. Thus, farmers are enabled to crop improved selections of their own varieties, instead of being lured to substitute their own varieties with commercial ones or to abandon their crop. This technique of conservation of agricultural biodiversity is more successful in marginal areas, where commercial varieties are not expedient, due to climate and soil fertility constraints, or where the taste and cooking characteristics of traditional varieties compensate for their lower yields.[3]

In India edit

About 4% of the total geographical area of India is used for in situ conservation.

There are 18 biosphere reserves in India, including Nanda Devi in Uttarakhand, Nokrek in Meghalaya, Manas National Park in Assam and Sundarban in West Bengal.

There are 106 national parks in India, including Kaziranga National Park which conserves the one-horned rhino, Periyar National Park conserving the tiger and elephant, and Ranthambore National Park conserving the tiger.

There are 551 wildlife sanctuaries in India.

Biodiversity hotspots include the Himalayas, the Western Ghats, the Indo-Burma region[4] and the Sundaland.

India has set up its first gene sanctuary in the Garo Hills of Meghalaya for wild relatives of citrus. Efforts are also being made to set up gene sanctuaries for banana, sugarcane, rice and mango.

Community reserves were established as a type of protected area in India in the Wildlife Protection Amendment Act 2002, to provide legal support to community or privately owned reserves which cannot be designated as national park or wildlife sanctuary.

Sacred groves are tracts of forest set aside where all the trees and wildlife within are venerated and given total protection.

In China edit

China has up to 2538 nature reserves which covers 15% of the entire country.

The majority of in situ conservation areas are largely concentrated in the regions of Tibet, Qinghai and Xinjiang. these provinces take up about 56% of the nature reserves in china, and are all western provinces.

Eastern and southern china contain 90% of the country's population, and in these areas there is a significant lack of nature reserves. In these spaces nature reserves actively compete with human development projects to support a growing demand for infrastructure. A consequence of this competing development is the movement of the south china tiger out of its natural habitat

In eastern and southern china many natural landscapes that remain undeveloped are fragmented, however nature reserves may provide crucial refuge for key species as well as ecosystem services.[5]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Negi, Sharad Singh (1 January 1993). Biodiversity and Its Conservation in India. Indus Publishing. p. 40. ISBN 9788185182889.
  2. ^ a b Curry, Helen Anne (December 2019). "Gene Banks, Seed Libraries, and Vegetable Sanctuaries: The Cultivation and Conservation of Heritage Vegetables in Britain, 1970–1985". Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment. 41 (2): 87–96. doi:10.1111/cuag.12239. ISSN 2153-9553. PMC 6999659. PMID 32051769.
  3. ^ G. Avila, L. Guzmán, M. Céspedes 2004. Estrategias para la conservación in situ de razas de maíz boliviano. SINALERC, Mar del Plata
  4. ^ WILDLIFE INSTITUTE OF INDIA DEHRADUN
  5. ^ Wu, Ruidong; Zhang, Shuang; Yu, Douglas W; Zhao, Peng; Li, Xinhai; Wang, Longzhu; Yu, Qian; Ma, Jian; Chen, Ai; Long, Yongcheng (September 2011). "Effectiveness of China's nature reserves in representing ecological diversity". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 9 (7): 383–389. doi:10.1890/100093. ISSN 1540-9295.

Further reading edit

  • Scheldeman, X.; van Zonneveld, M. (2010). Training Manual on Spatial Analysis of Plant Diversity and Distribution. Bioversity International. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011.

External links edit

  • In-Situ Conservation, The Convention on Biological Diversity
  • Ex-Situ Conservation, The Convention on Biological Diversity
  • IUCN/SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group
  • IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
  • The Convention on Biological Diversity
  • In situ conservation
  • Guidelines: In vivo conservation of animal genetic resources, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN