Summary
Intha and Danu are southern Burmish languages of Shan State, Burma, spoken respectively by the Intha and Danu people, the latter of whom are Bamar descendants who migrated to Inle Lake in Shan State. Considered to be dialects of Burmese by the Government of Myanmar, Danu has 93% lexical similarity with standard Burmese, while Intha has 95% lexical similarity with standard Burmese.[2] Intha and Danu differ from standard Burmese with respect to pronunciation of certain phonemes, and few hundred local vocabulary terms.[3] Language contact has led to increasing convergence with standard Burmese.[3] Both are spoken by about 100,000 people each.[1]
| Intha-Danu | |
|---|---|
| Pronunciation | dənuʔ |
| Native to | Burma |
| Region | Inle Lake, Shan State |
| Ethnicity | Intha, Danu |
Native speakers | ca. 200,000 (2000–2007)[1] |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:dnv – Danuint – Intha |
| Glottolog | inth1238 |
Phonology edit
Both Danu and Intha are characterized by retention of the /-l-/ medial (for the following consonant clusters in Intha: /kl- kʰl- pl- pʰl- ml- hml-/). Examples include:*"full": Standard Burmese ပြည့် ([pjḛ]) → ပ္လည့် ([plḛ]), from old Burmese ပ္လည်
- "ground": Standard Burmese မြေ ([mjè]) → မ္လေ ([mlè]), from old Burmese မ္လိယ်
There is no voicing with the presence of either aspirated or unaspirated consonants. For instance, ဗုဒ္ဓ (Buddha) is pronounced [boʊʔda̰] in standard Burmese, but [poʊʔtʰa̰] in Intha. This is likely due to the influence of the Shan language.
Furthermore, သ (/θ/ in standard Burmese) has merged to /sʰ/ (ဆ) in Intha.
Rhymes edit
Rhyme correspondences to standard Burmese follow these patterns:[4]
| Written Burmese | Standard Burmese | Intha | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| -ျင် -င် | /-ɪɴ/ | /-ɛɴ/ | |
| -ဉ် | /-ɪɴ/ | /-ɪɴ/ | |
| ိမ် -ိန် ိုင် | /-eɪɴ -eɪɴ -aɪɴ/ | /-eɪɴ/ | |
| -ျက် -က် | /-jɛʔ -ɛʔ/ | /-aʔ/ | |
| -တ် -ပ် | /-aʔ/ | /-ɛʔ/ | |
| -ည် | /-ɛ, -e, -i/ | /-e/ | /-i/ if initial is a palatal consonant |
| ိတ် ိပ် ိုက် | /-eɪʔ -eɪʔ -aɪʔ/ | /-aɪʔ/ |
| Open syllables | weak = ə full = i, e, ɛ, a, ɔ, o, u |
| Closed | nasal = ɪɴ, eɪɴ, ɛɴ, aɴ, ɔɴ, oʊɴ, ʊɴ stop = ɪʔ, aɪʔ, ɛʔ, aʔ, ɔʔ, oʊʔ, ʊʔ |
Vocabulary edit
Danu has noticeable vocabulary differences from standard Burmese, spanning areas such as kinship terms, food, flora and fauna, and daily objects.[5] For example, the Danu term for 'cat' is mi-nyaw (မိညော်), not kyaung (ကြောင်) as in standard Burmese.[5]
Kinship terms edit
| Term | Standard Burmese | Danu |
|---|---|---|
| Father | အဖေ | အဘ |
| Grandfather | အဘိုး | ဘကြီး |
| Grandmother | အဘွား | မေကြီး |
| Mother | အမေ | အမေ |
| Stepmother | မိထွေး | အဒေါ် |
| Elder brother | အစ်ကို | ကိုရင် |
| Elder sister | အစ်မ | မမ |
| Brother-in-law[6] | ခဲအို | အနောင် |
| Uncle | ဦးလေး | အမင်း |
Script edit
Danu and Intha are written using the Burmese alphabet.
Between 2013 and 2014, the Taunggyi branch of the Danu Literature and Culture Committee invented a new alphabet to transcribe the Danu language, taking inspiration from both the Pyu and Burmese scripts found on stone inscriptions.[7] Within the Danu Self-Administered Zone (SAZ), adoption of this script remains divisive, with other township branches of the committee and politicians firmly opposed to its usage, arguing that the need for a specific Danu script is unjustified since Danu is a Burmese dialect.[7][3] The script is currently not accepted by the Danu SAZ's administration.[3] These recent developments have also prompted some actors in the Intha community to invent their own scripts.[3]
References edit
- ^ a b Danu at Ethnologue (21st ed., 2018)
Intha at Ethnologue (21st ed., 2018)
- ^ "Myanmar - Languages" (PDF). Ethnologue. 2016-07-24.
- ^ a b c d e Salem-Gervais, Nicolas; Raynaud, Mael (2020). Teaching ethnic minority languages in government schools and developing the local curriculum: Elements of decentralization in language-in-education policy (PDF). Yangon: Konrad-Adenauer Stiftung. pp. 144–146. ISBN 978-99971-0-558-5.
- ^ Barron, Sandy; John Okell; Saw Myat Yin; Kenneth VanBik; Arthur Swain; Emma Larkin; Anna J. Allott; Kirsten Ewers (2007). Refugees From Burma: Their Backgrounds and Refugee Experiences (PDF) (Report). Center for Applied Linguistics. pp. 16–17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-04-27. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
- ^ a b ခင်စန္ဒာတိုး (2018). "နောင်ချိုဒေသရှိ ဓနုဒေသိယစကားမှ နေ့စဉ်သုံးစကားများလေ့လာချက်" (PDF). Journal of the Myanmar Academy of Arts and Science (in Burmese). XVI (6B).
- ^ Elder sister's husband, or husband's elder brother
- ^ a b "Teaching Ethnic Languages, Cultures and Histories in Government Schools today: Great Opportunities, Giant Pitfalls? (Part II)". Tea Circle. 2018-10-02. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
