In mathematics, the inverse hyperbolic functions are inverses of the hyperbolic functions, analogous to the inverse circular functions. There are six in common use: inverse hyperbolic sine, inverse hyperbolic cosine, inverse hyperbolic tangent, inverse hyperbolic cosecant, inverse hyperbolic secant, and inverse hyperbolic cotangent. They are commonly denoted by the symbols for the hyperbolic functions, prefixed with arc- or ar-.
For a given value of a hyperbolic function, the inverse hyperbolic function provides the corresponding hyperbolic angle measure, for example and Hyperbolic angle measure is the length of an arc of a unit hyperbola as measured in the Lorentzian plane (not the length of a hyperbolic arc in the Euclidean plane), and twice the area of the corresponding hyperbolic sector. This is analogous to the way circular angle measure is the arc length of an arc of the unit circle in the Euclidean plane or twice the area of the corresponding circular sector. Alternately hyperbolic angle is the area of a sector of the hyperbola Some authors call the inverse hyperbolic functions hyperbolic area functions.[1]
Also common is the notation etc.,[4][5] although care must be taken to avoid misinterpretations of the superscript −1 as an exponent. The standard convention is that or means the inverse function while or means the reciprocal Especially inconsistent is the conventional use of positive integer superscripts to indicate an exponent rather than function composition, e.g. conventionally means and not
Because the argument of hyperbolic functions is not the arc length of a hyperbolic arc in the Euclidean plane, some authors have condemned the prefix arc-, arguing that the prefix ar- (for area) or arg- (for argument) should be preferred.[6] Following this recommendation, the ISO 80000-2 standard abbreviations use the prefix ar- (that is: arsinh, arcosh, artanh, arsech, arcsch, arcoth).
In computer programming languages, inverse circular and hyperbolic functions are often named with the shorter prefix a- (asinh, etc.).
This article will consistently adopt the prefix ar- for convenience.
These formulas can be derived in terms of the derivatives of hyperbolic functions. For example, if , then so
Series expansions
edit
Expansion series can be obtained for the above functions:
An asymptotic expansion for arsinh is given by
Principal values in the complex plane
edit
As functions of a complex variable, inverse hyperbolic functions are multivalued functions that are analytic except at a finite number of points. For such a function, it is common to define a principal value, which is a single valued analytic function which coincides with one specific branch of the multivalued function, over a domain consisting of the complex plane in which a finite number of arcs (usually half lines or line segments) have been removed. These arcs are called branch cuts. The principal value of the multifunction is chosen at a particular point and values elsewhere in the domain of definition are defined to agree with those found by analytic continuation.
For example, for the square root, the principal value is defined as the square root that has a positive real part. This defines a single valued analytic function, which is defined everywhere, except for non-positive real values of the variables (where the two square roots have a zero real part). This principal value of the square root function is denoted in what follows. Similarly, the principal value of the logarithm, denoted in what follows, is defined as the value for which the imaginary part has the smallest absolute value. It is defined everywhere except for non-positive real values of the variable, for which two different values of the logarithm reach the minimum.
For all inverse hyperbolic functions, the principal value may be defined in terms of principal values of the square root and the logarithm function. However, in some cases, the formulas of § Definitions in terms of logarithms do not give a correct principal value, as giving a domain of definition which is too small and, in one case non-connected.
Principal value of the inverse hyperbolic sine
edit
The principal value of the inverse hyperbolic sine is given by
The argument of the square root is a non-positive real number, if and only ifz belongs to one of the intervals [i, +i∞) and (−i∞, −i] of the imaginary axis. If the argument of the logarithm is real, then it is positive. Thus this formula defines a principal value for arsinh, with branch cuts [i, +i∞) and (−i∞, −i]. This is optimal, as the branch cuts must connect the singular points i and −i to infinity.
Principal value of the inverse hyperbolic cosine
edit
The formula for the inverse hyperbolic cosine given in § Inverse hyperbolic cosine is not convenient, since similar to the principal values of the logarithm and the square root, the principal value of arcosh would not be defined for imaginary z. Thus the square root has to be factorized, leading to
The principal values of the square roots are both defined, except if z belongs to the real interval (−∞, 1]. If the argument of the logarithm is real, then z is real and has the same sign. Thus, the above formula defines a principal value of arcosh outside the real interval (−∞, 1], which is thus the unique branch cut.
Principal values of the inverse hyperbolic tangent and cotangent
for the definition of the principal values of the inverse hyperbolic tangent and cotangent. In these formulas, the argument of the logarithm is real if and only if z is real. For artanh, this argument is in the real interval (−∞, 0], if z belongs either to (−∞, −1] or to [1, ∞). For arcoth, the argument of the logarithm is in (−∞, 0], if and only if z belongs to the real interval [−1, 1].
Therefore, these formulas define convenient principal values, for which the branch cuts are (−∞, −1] and [1, ∞) for the inverse hyperbolic tangent, and [−1, 1] for the inverse hyperbolic cotangent.
In view of a better numerical evaluation near the branch cuts, some authors[citation needed] use the following definitions of the principal values, although the second one introduces a removable singularity at z = 0. The two definitions of differ for real values of with . The ones of differ for real values of with .
Principal value of the inverse hyperbolic cosecant
edit
For the inverse hyperbolic cosecant, the principal value is defined as
.
It is defined except when the arguments of the logarithm and the square root are non-positive real numbers. The principal value of the square root is thus defined outside the interval [−i, i] of the imaginary line. If the argument of the logarithm is real, then z is a non-zero real number, and this implies that the argument of the logarithm is positive.
Thus, the principal value is defined by the above formula outside the branch cut, consisting of the interval [−i, i] of the imaginary line.
(At z = 0, there is a singular point that is included in the branch cut.)
Principal value of the inverse hyperbolic secant
edit
Here, as in the case of the inverse hyperbolic cosine, we have to factorize the square root. This gives the principal value
If the argument of a square root is real, then z is real, and it follows that both principal values of square roots are defined, except if z is real and belongs to one of the intervals (−∞, 0] and [1, +∞). If the argument of the logarithm is real and negative, then z is also real and negative. It follows that the principal value of arsech is well defined, by the above formula outside two branch cuts, the real intervals (−∞, 0] and [1, +∞).
For z = 0, there is a singular point that is included in one of the branch cuts.
Graphical representation
edit
In the following graphical representation of the principal values of the inverse hyperbolic functions, the branch cuts appear as discontinuities of the color. The fact that the whole branch cuts appear as discontinuities, shows that these principal values may not be extended into analytic functions defined over larger domains. In other words, the above defined branch cuts are minimal.
Inverse hyperbolic functions in the complex z-plane: the colour at each point in the plane represents the complex value of the respective function at that point
^For example: Weltner, Klaus; et al. (2014) [2009]. Mathematics for Physicists and Engineers (2nd ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-364254124-7. Durán, Mario (2012). Mathematical methods for wave propagation in science and engineering. Vol. 1. Ediciones UC. p. 89. ISBN 9789561413146.
^Birman, Graciela S.; Nomizu, Katsumi (1984). "Trigonometry in Lorentzian Geometry". American Mathematical Monthly. 91 (9): 543–549. doi:10.1080/00029890.1984.11971490. JSTOR 2323737.
^Sobczyk, Garret (1995). "The hyperbolic number plane". College Mathematics Journal. 26 (4): 268–280. doi:10.1080/07468342.1995.11973712.
^Weisstein, Eric W. "Inverse Hyperbolic Functions". Wolfram Mathworld. Retrieved 2020-08-30. "Inverse hyperbolic functions". Encyclopedia of Mathematics. Retrieved 2020-08-30.
^Press, W.H.; Teukolsky, S.A.; Vetterling, WT; Flannery, B.P. (1992). "§ 5.6. Quadratic and Cubic Equations". Numerical Recipes in FORTRAN (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43064-X. Woodhouse, N.M.J. (2003). Special Relativity. Springer. p. 71. ISBN 1-85233-426-6.
^Gullberg, Jan (1997). Mathematics: From the Birth of Numbers. W. W. Norton. p. 539. ISBN 039304002X. Another form of notation, arcsinh x, arccosh x, etc., is a practice to be condemned as these functions have nothing whatever to do with arc, but with area, as is demonstrated by their full Latin names, ¶ arsinharea sinus hyperbolicus ¶ arcosharea cosinus hyperbolicus, etc.Zeidler, Eberhard; Hackbusch, Wolfgang; Schwarz, Hans Rudolf (2004). "§ 0.2.13 The inverse hyperbolic functions". Oxford Users' Guide to Mathematics. Translated by Hunt, Bruce. Oxford University Press. p. 68. ISBN 0198507631. The Latin names for the inverse hyperbolic functions are area sinus hyperbolicus, area cosinus hyperbolicus, area tangens hyperbolicus and area cotangens hyperbolicus (of x)..... Zeidler & al. use the notations arsinh, etc.; note that the quoted Latin names are back-formations, invented long after Neo-Latin ceased to be in common use in mathematical literature. Bronshtein, Ilja N.; Semendyayev, Konstantin A.; Musiol, Gerhard; Heiner, Mühlig (2007). "§ 2.10: Area Functions". Handbook of Mathematics (5th ed.). Springer. p. 91. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-72122-2. ISBN 978-3540721215. The area functions are the inverse functions of the hyperbolic functions, i.e., the inverse hyperbolic functions. The functions sinh x, tanh x, and coth x are strictly monotone, so they have unique inverses without any restriction; the function cosh x has two monotonic intervals so we can consider two inverse functions. The name area refers to the fact that the geometric definition of the functions is the area of certain hyperbolic sectors ... Bacon, Harold Maile (1942). Differential and Integral Calculus. McGraw-Hill. p. 203.
^"Identities with inverse hyperbolic and trigonometric functions". math stackexchange. stackexchange. Retrieved 3 November 2016.