Summary
Although phosphorus (15P) has 23 isotopes from 25P to 47P, only 31P is stable; as such, phosphorus is considered a monoisotopic element.[citation needed] The longest-lived radioactive isotopes are 33P with a half-life of 25.34 days and 32P with a half-life of 14.268 days.[3][4] All others have half-lives of under 2.5 minutes, most under a second. The least stable is 25P with a half-life shorter than 30 nanoseconds.
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| Standard atomic weight Ar°(P) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of isotopesEdit
| Nuclide[5] [n 1] |
Z | N | Isotopic mass (Da)[6] [n 2][n 3] |
Half-life [n 4] |
Decay mode [n 5] |
Daughter isotope [n 6] |
Spin and parity [n 7][n 4] |
Natural abundance (mole fraction) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Excitation energy | Normal proportion | Range of variation | |||||||||||||||||
| 25P | 15 | 10 | 25.02119(43)# | <30 ns | p | 24Si | (1/2+)# | ||||||||||||
| 26P[n 8] | 15 | 11 | 26.01178(21)# | 43.7(6) ms | β+ (63.2%) | 26Si | (3+) | ||||||||||||
| β+, p (36.8%) | 25Al | ||||||||||||||||||
| 26mP | 164.4(1) keV | 120(9) ns | IT | 26P | |||||||||||||||
| 27P | 15 | 12 | 26.999224(28) | 260(80) ms | β+ (99.93%) | 27Si | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
| β+, p (.07%) | 26Al | ||||||||||||||||||
| 28P | 15 | 13 | 27.9923266(12) | 270.3(5) ms | β+ (99.99%) | 28Si | 3+ | ||||||||||||
| β+, p (.0013%) | 27Al | ||||||||||||||||||
| β+, α (8.6×10−4%) | 24Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
| 29P | 15 | 14 | 28.9818004(4) | 4.142(15) s | β+ | 29Si | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
| 30P | 15 | 15 | 29.97831349(7) | 2.498(4) min | β+ | 30Si | 1+ | ||||||||||||
| 31P | 15 | 16 | 30.9737619986(7) | Stable | 1/2+ | 1.0000 | |||||||||||||
| 32P | 15 | 17 | 31.97390764(4) | 14.268(5) d | β− | 32S | 1+ | Trace | |||||||||||
| 33P | 15 | 18 | 32.9717257(12) | 25.35(11) d | β− | 33S | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
| 34P | 15 | 19 | 33.9736459(9) | 12.43(10) s | β− | 34S | 1+ | ||||||||||||
| 35P | 15 | 20 | 34.9733141(20) | 47.3(8) s | β− | 35S | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
| 36P | 15 | 21 | 35.978260(14) | 5.6(3) s | β− | 36S | 4− | ||||||||||||
| 37P | 15 | 22 | 36.97961(4) | 2.31(13) s | β− | 37S | (1/2+) | ||||||||||||
| 38P | 15 | 23 | 37.98430(8) | 0.64(14) s | β− (87.5%) | 38S | |||||||||||||
| β−, n (12.5%) | 37S | ||||||||||||||||||
| 39P | 15 | 24 | 38.98629(12) | 282(24) ms | β− (73.2%) | 39S | 1/2+# | ||||||||||||
| β−, n (26.8%) | 38S | ||||||||||||||||||
| 40P | 15 | 25 | 39.99129(16) | 150(8) ms | β− (84.2%) | 40S | (2−,3−) | ||||||||||||
| β−, n (15.8%) | 39S | ||||||||||||||||||
| 41P | 15 | 26 | 40.99465(13) | 101(5) ms | β− (70%) | 41S | 1/2+# | ||||||||||||
| β−, n (30%) | 40S | ||||||||||||||||||
| 42P | 15 | 27 | 42.00108(34) | 48.5(15) ms | β− (50%) | 42S | |||||||||||||
| β−, n (50%) | 41S | ||||||||||||||||||
| 43P | 15 | 28 | 43.00502(60) | 35.8(13) ms | β−, n | 42S | 1/2+# | ||||||||||||
| β− | 43S | ||||||||||||||||||
| 44P | 15 | 29 | 44.01122(54)# | 18.5(25) ms | β− | 44S | |||||||||||||
| 45P | 15 | 30 | 45.01675(54)# | 8# ms [>200 ns] | β− | 45S | 1/2+# | ||||||||||||
| 46P | 15 | 31 | 46.02466(75)# | 4# ms [>200 ns] | β− | 46S | |||||||||||||
| 47P[7] | 15 | 32 | 47.03190(86)# | 2# ms | β− | 47S | |||||||||||||
| This table header & footer: | |||||||||||||||||||
- ^ mP – Excited nuclear isomer.
- ^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
- ^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
- ^ a b # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
- ^
Modes of decay:
IT: Isomeric transition n: Neutron emission p: Proton emission - ^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
- ^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
- ^ Has 1 halo proton
Radioactive isotopesEdit
Phosphorus-32Edit
32P, a beta-emitter (1.71 MeV) with a half-life of 14.3 days, is used routinely in life-science laboratories, primarily to produce radiolabeled DNA and RNA probes, e.g. for use in Northern blots or Southern blots. Because the high-energy beta particles produced penetrate skin and corneas, and because any 32P ingested, inhaled, or absorbed is readily incorporated into bone and nucleic acids, OSHA requires that a lab coat, disposable gloves, and safety glasses or goggles be worn when working with 32P, and that working directly over an open container be avoided in order to protect the eyes.[citation needed] Monitoring personal, clothing, and surface contamination is also required. In addition, due to the high energy of the beta particles, shielding this radiation with the normally used dense materials (e.g. lead), gives rise to secondary emission of X-rays via a process known as bremsstrahlung, meaning braking radiation. Therefore, shielding must be accomplished with low-density materials, e.g. Plexiglas, Lucite, plastic, wood, or water.
Phosphorus-33Edit
33P, a beta-emitter (0.25 MeV) with a half-life of 25.4 days. It is used in life-science laboratories in applications in which lower energy beta emissions are advantageous such as DNA sequencing. 33P can be used to label nucleotides. It is less energetic than 32P, giving a better resolution. A disadvantage is its higher cost compared to 32P, as most of the bombarded 31P will have acquired only one neutron, while only some will have acquired two or more. Its maximum specific activity is 5118 Ci/mol.
External linksEdit
- Phosphorus isotopes data from The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's
ReferencesEdit
- ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Phosphorus". CIAAW. 2013.
- ^ Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
- ^ PubChem. "Phosphorus Radioisotopes". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2022-04-08.
- ^ "phosphorus-33 atom (CHEBI:37973)". www.ebi.ac.uk. Retrieved 2022-04-08.
- ^ Half-life, decay mode, nuclear spin, and isotopic composition is sourced in:
Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017). "The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030001. Bibcode:2017ChPhC..41c0001A. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001. - ^ Wang, M.; Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Xu, X. (2017). "The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030003-1–030003-442. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003.
- ^ Neufcourt, L.; Cao, Y.; Nazarewicz, W.; Olsen, E.; Viens, F. (2019). "Neutron drip line in the Ca region from Bayesian model averaging". Physical Review Letters. 122 (6): 062502–1–062502–6. arXiv:1901.07632. Bibcode:2019PhRvL.122f2502N. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.062502. PMID 30822058. S2CID 73508148.