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Istiophoriformes 
Summary
Istiophoriformes are an order of bony fish which is not fully recognized by some taxonomists, with some including the two extant families Xiphiidae and Istiophoridae,[1] and others, including the family Sphyraenidae.[2]
| Istiophoriformes Temporal range:
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Clade: | Percomorpha |
| Order: | Istiophoriformes Betancur-R et al., 2013 |
| Type species | |
| Istiophorus platypterus (G. Shaw, 1792)
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| Families | |
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see text | |
The earliest fossils of this group are of early billfish from the Late Paleocene of Peru and Turkmenistan.[3][4]
Families edit
The following families are classified under the Istiophoriformes. Three are extant, and three are extinct:[2][5]
- Sphyraenidae (barracudas)
- Billfish (sometimes placed in the superfamily Xiphioidei)
- Xiphiidae (swordfish)
- Istiophoridae (marlins, spearfish and sailfish)
- †Hemingwayidae
- †Palaeorhynchidae
- †Blochiidae
References edit
- ^ Betancur-R, Ricardo; Wiley, Edward O.; Arratia, Gloria; Acero, Arturo; Bailly, Nicolas; Miya, Masaki; Lecointre, Guillaume; Ortí, Guillermo (2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
- ^ a b Nelson, JS; Grande, TC & Wilson, MVH (2016). "Classification of fishes from Fishes of the World 5th Edition" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
- ^ Friedman, Matt; V. Andrews, James; Saad, Hadeel; El-Sayed, Sanaa (2023-06-16). "The Cretaceous–Paleogene transition in spiny-rayed fishes: surveying "Patterson's Gap" in the acanthomorph skeletal record André Dumont medalist lecture 2018". Geologica Belgica. doi:10.20341/gb.2023.002. ISSN 1374-8505.
- ^ Fierstine, Harry L. (2006-11-01). "Fossil history of billfishes (Xiphioidei)". Bulletin of Marine Science. 79 (3): 433–453.
- ^ Santini, F.; Sorenson, L. (2013). "First molecular timetree of billfishes (Istiophoriformes: Acanthomorpha) shows a Late Miocene radiation of marlins and allies". Italian Journal of Zoology. 80 (4): 481–489. doi:10.1080/11250003.2013.848945.