Jacobi method

Summary

In numerical linear algebra, the Jacobi method (a.k.a. the Jacobi iteration method) is an iterative algorithm for determining the solutions of a strictly diagonally dominant system of linear equations. Each diagonal element is solved for, and an approximate value is plugged in. The process is then iterated until it converges. This algorithm is a stripped-down version of the Jacobi transformation method of matrix diagonalization. The method is named after Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi.

Description

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Let   be a square system of n linear equations, where: 

When   and   are known, and   is unknown, we can use the Jacobi method to approximate  . The vector   denotes our initial guess for   (often   for  ). We denote   as the k-th approximation or iteration of  , and   is the next (or k+1) iteration of  .

Matrix-based formula

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Then A can be decomposed into a diagonal component D, a lower triangular part L and an upper triangular part U: The solution is then obtained iteratively via

 

Element-based formula

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The element-based formula for each row   is thus: The computation of   requires each element in   except itself. Unlike the Gauss–Seidel method, we can't overwrite   with  , as that value will be needed by the rest of the computation. The minimum amount of storage is two vectors of size n.

Algorithm

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Input: initial guess x(0) to the solution, (diagonal dominant) matrix A, right-hand side vector b, convergence criterion
Output: solution when convergence is reached
Comments: pseudocode based on the element-based formula above

k = 0
while convergence not reached do
    for i := 1 step until n do
        σ = 0
        for j := 1 step until n do
            if ji then
                σ = σ + aij xj(k)
            end
        end
        xi(k+1) = (biσ) / aii
    end
    increment k
end

Convergence

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The standard convergence condition (for any iterative method) is when the spectral radius of the iteration matrix is less than 1:

 

A sufficient (but not necessary) condition for the method to converge is that the matrix A is strictly or irreducibly diagonally dominant. Strict row diagonal dominance means that for each row, the absolute value of the diagonal term is greater than the sum of absolute values of other terms:

 

The Jacobi method sometimes converges even if these conditions are not satisfied.

Note that the Jacobi method does not converge for every symmetric positive-definite matrix. For example,  

Examples

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Example question

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A linear system of the form   with initial estimate   is given by

 

We use the equation  , described above, to estimate  . First, we rewrite the equation in a more convenient form  , where   and  . From the known values   we determine   as   Further,   is found as   With   and   calculated, we estimate   as  :   The next iteration yields   This process is repeated until convergence (i.e., until   is small). The solution after 25 iterations is

 

Example question 2

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Suppose we are given the following linear system:

 

If we choose (0, 0, 0, 0) as the initial approximation, then the first approximate solution is given by   Using the approximations obtained, the iterative procedure is repeated until the desired accuracy has been reached. The following are the approximated solutions after five iterations.

       
0.6 2.27272 -1.1 1.875
1.04727 1.7159 -0.80522 0.88522
0.93263 2.05330 -1.0493 1.13088
1.01519 1.95369 -0.9681 0.97384
0.98899 2.0114 -1.0102 1.02135

The exact solution of the system is (1, 2, −1, 1).

Python example

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import numpy as np

ITERATION_LIMIT = 1000

# initialize the matrix
A = np.array([[10., -1., 2., 0.],
              [-1., 11., -1., 3.],
              [2., -1., 10., -1.],
              [0.0, 3., -1., 8.]])
# initialize the RHS vector
b = np.array([6., 25., -11., 15.])

# prints the system
print("System:")
for i in range(A.shape[0]):
    row = [f"{A[i, j]}*x{j + 1}" for j in range(A.shape[1])]
    print(f'{" + ".join(row)} = {b[i]}')
print()

x = np.zeros_like(b)
for it_count in range(ITERATION_LIMIT):
    if it_count != 0:
        print(f"Iteration {it_count}: {x}")
    x_new = np.zeros_like(x)

    for i in range(A.shape[0]):
        s1 = np.dot(A[i, :i], x[:i])
        s2 = np.dot(A[i, i + 1:], x[i + 1:])
        x_new[i] = (b[i] - s1 - s2) / A[i, i]
        if x_new[i] == x_new[i-1]:
          break

    if np.allclose(x, x_new, atol=1e-10, rtol=0.):
        break

    x = x_new

print("Solution: ")
print(x)
error = np.dot(A, x) - b
print("Error:")
print(error)

Weighted Jacobi method

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The weighted Jacobi iteration uses a parameter   to compute the iteration as

 

with   being the usual choice.[1] From the relation  , this may also be expressed as

 .

Convergence in the symmetric positive definite case

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In case that the system matrix   is of symmetric positive-definite type one can show convergence.

Let   be the iteration matrix. Then, convergence is guaranteed for

 

where   is the maximal eigenvalue.

The spectral radius can be minimized for a particular choice of   as follows   where   is the matrix condition number.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Saad, Yousef (2003). Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems (2nd ed.). SIAM. p. 414. ISBN 0898715342.
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  • This article incorporates text from the article Jacobi_method on CFD-Wiki that is under the GFDL license.
  • Black, Noel; Moore, Shirley & Weisstein, Eric W. "Jacobi method". MathWorld.
  • Jacobi Method from www.math-linux.com