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Jain temples, Halebidu

Summary

Jain hoysala complex in Halebidu, Hassan district consists of three Jain Basadis (Basti or temples) dedicated to the Jain Tirthankars Parshvanatha, Shantinatha and Adinatha. The complex is situated near Kedareshwara temple and Dwarasamudra lake. The temple complex also includes a step well called Hulikere Kalyani.[1]

Jain Basadis of hoysala
Parshvanatha Basadi
Religion
AffiliationJainism
DeityParshvanatha, Shantinatha and Adinatha
FestivalsMahavir Jayanti
Location
LocationHassan, Karnataka, India
Geographic coordinates13°12′31.2″N 75°59′42.4″E / 13.208667°N 75.995111°E / 13.208667; 75.995111
Architecture
StyleHoysala architecture
CreatorVishnuvardhana, Veera Ballala II
Date established12th century
Temple(s)3

These temples were constructed in the 12th century during the reign of Hoysala Empire along with Kedareshwara temple and Hoysaleswara Temple.Archaeological Survey of India has listed all three basadi in the complex in the list of "Must See" Indian Heritage and are also inscribed as one of the "Adarsh Smarak Monument".[2][3][4][5]

History edit

 
 
Inscription inside Parshvanatha basadi (left) and Adinatha basadi (right)

Halebidu was the capital of the Hoysala Empire between the c. 11th to 14th century CE when Jainism maintained a strong presence in the region.[6] The region was called Dorasamudra or Dwarasamundra during the rule of Hoysala.[7] Bittiga (later became Vishnuvardhana), is considered the greatest ruler of Hoysala kingdom and was a Jain till around 1115 after which he converted to Vaishnavism under the influence of the Hindu saint Ramanujacharya.[8][9][10][11][12] However, he still recognized Jainism on par with Hinduism.[1] During their regime, Hinduism and Jainism co-existed with utmost religious harmony.[4] Vishnuvardhana's wife Shantala Devi, remained a follower of Jainism.[13][14][15][16] These temple were later maintained by Maharaja of Mysore.[17] There are three basadis in this complex:[18][19]

The Parshvanatha Basadi was built by Boppadeva in 1133 A.D. during the reign of King Vishnuvardhana.[20] Boppadeva was the son of the notable Gangaraja, a minister under Hoysala King Vishnuvardhana. The construction of the temple coincided with the victory of Narasimha I as the royal heir to the throne. The deity therefore is called Vijaya Parsvanatha (lit, "victorious Parsvanatha").[21]

The Shantinatha Basadi was built around 1192 A.D., during the reign of Veera Ballala II.[22][20]

The Adinatha Basadi is the smallest of the Jain basadis also built in c. 12th century.[23] A monolith  of Bahubali which was present inside this temple but is now displayed outside Halebidu museum.[24][25]

The temples along with the capital were plundered and destroyed twice, by Malik Kafur, general of Alauddin Khalji during the Siege of Dwarasamudra in 1311 and by Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq in 1326.[1][26][27][28][13] The Wodeyar of Mysore & Ummathur (1399–1610), Nayakas of Keladi (1550–1763) were hostile Jains.[29] In 1683, they stamped linga symbol in the main basati of Jains in Halebid and Jains were forced to perform Shiva rites.[30]

Architecture edit

While Hoysaleswara temple and Kedareshwara temple are famous workmanship, The Jain basadis are famous for architectural tradition.[31] Halebidu Jain complex along with Pattadakal are the most famous Jain centers in South Karnataka.[32] The temples are great example on dravidian architecture.[1]

Parshvanatha Basadi
 
Exquisite carvings of lathe-turned Pillar in Parsvanatha Basadi

Parshvanatha Basadi is notable for its architecture. This temple is famous for the beautiful navaranga halls and exquisite carvings on the lathe-turned pillars.[33][34] These pillars are massive placed to each other, which according to Kurt Bruhn signifies "the many layers karma that way us down with their black colour representing timelessness like it is for tirthankars".[35] The ceiling of the mandapa and mahamandapa is ornate with the sculpture of yaksha Dharanendra at the centre.[2] Indologist Klaus Fisher describes the intricate artwork that embellishes the temple's ceiling as the most elaborate in all of Halebidu.[36]

The temple has a Ardhamandapa ("half hall") and a Mahamandapa ("great hall") with a monolithic 18 feet (5.5 m) idol of Parshvanatha in Kayotsarga posture. Sculptures of yaksha Dharanendra and yakshi Padmavati are present in the mahamandapa.[21] This temple is the largest and considered the most architecturally significant in the basadi complex. Along with being rich in sculptures, the temple also features carvings of the life-scenes of Tirthankaras on the ceiling panel of mukhamandapa.[37] There is a famous image of Padmavati with three hooded cobra over her head and with fruits in three hands and a weapon in fourth.[38] The temple also features niches for idols of the 24 tirthankaras.[1]

Shantinatha Basadi

Shantinatha Basadi or Santisvara basadi consist of a garbhagriha ("sanctum"), ardhamandapa, mahamandapa, large granite pillars with the inner sanctum consisting of a block stone 18 feet (5.5 m) image of Shantinatha, the sixteenth tirthankar. The merloned structure is supported by a square pillared porch with granite pillars. The adhisthana moldings are similar to Parsvanatha Basti.[22] A series of lathe-turned pillars supports the ceiling.[3] The previous Mahamastakabhisheka was organized in January 2010.[17][39] The temple complex also includes a Brahmadeva pillar erected outside the temple.[40]

Adinatha Basadi

Adinatha Basadi is a small non-ornate temple consisting of garbhagriha, mandapa ("hall") with the image of the Adinatha and beautifully carved the Hindu goddess Saraswati.[23] The original idol of Adinatha was a stout figure in lotus position; However, kept in navaranga hall after it broke.[41] There is a statue of Jina equal in the height to the other two basadi.[35] The sanctum is bereft of superstructure.[4]

The basadi complex also includes a monolithic 18 feet tall manasthamba and Hulikere Kalyani (reservoir).[42]

Excavation edit

 
12th century, Bahubali statue, Halebid museum[43]

In 2019, the remains of Jain temple were found near Parshvanatha Basadi. In the excavated structure around ten sculptures were found, these sculptures have been moved to Halebid museum.[44] ASI started constructing a compound wall around the Jain complex but during construction few Jain sculptures were found along with the basement structure of another Jain temple. The sculptures were moved to the museum. However, the temple structure was damaged due to the use of heavy earthmoving machinery.[45] The remains of a 30 m × 20 m (98 ft × 66 ft) Jain temple built in the time of Hoysala dynasty was discovered near the Shantinatha Basadi during an excavation in 2021. Many artefacts and sculptures were discovered in the temple site.[46] A 2 feet (0.61 m) Jain Upasaka sculpture was also discovered along with the temple remains.[47]

According to A. Aravazhi, assistant archeologist in Archaeological Survey of India, Halebidu has many Jain temples built during the reign of Hoysala empire underground.[48]

Restoration edit

These Jain basadi complex is protected by Archaeological Survey of India.[49] A compound wall is being built around the temple structure found 2019, more than 1,000 sculptures have been found in this area, ASI is planning to build an open-air museum for display.[44] These idols include an idol of Goddess Ambika represented as salabhanjika with her child in one hand and amra-lumbi (mango tree branch) in other.[50] Department of tourism has issued Rs. 30 crores to facelift Belur and Halebidu for improving religious tourism.[51] The Jain temples other than Parshvanatha Basadi, Shantinatha Basadi and Adinatha Basadi in Haledbidu are in a lesser state of preservation.[15]

Halebidu is also on the route followed by luxury tourist train - Golden Chariot.[52]

Gallery edit

  •  
    18 feet (5.5 m) sculpture of Parshvanatha, Parshvanatha basadi
  •  
    Shantinatha basadi
  •  
    18 feet (5.5 m) sculpture of Shantinatha, Shantinatha basadi
  •  
    Adinatha basadi
  •  
    Relief on manastambha outside Parshvanatha Basadi

See also edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jain Basti complex, Halebidu.

References edit

Citation edit

  1. ^ a b c d e UNESCO 2015.
  2. ^ a b ASI must see & Parsvanatha Basadi.
  3. ^ a b ASI must see & Santhinatha Basadi.
  4. ^ a b c ASI must see & Adinatha Basadi.
  5. ^ Sharma 2018.
  6. ^ Sangave 2001, p. 175.
  7. ^ Chugh 2016, p. 506.
  8. ^ Rice 2001, p. 332.
  9. ^ Caldwell 1881, p. 43.
  10. ^ Knapp 2008, p. 497.
  11. ^ Jones 1865, p. 209.
  12. ^ Stein 1989, p. 16.
  13. ^ a b British Library.
  14. ^ Menon 2013, p. 127.
  15. ^ a b Titze & Bruhn 1998, p. 49.
  16. ^ Karnataka Government, p. 82.
  17. ^ a b Deccan Herald 2010.
  18. ^ Tandon 1986, p. 73.
  19. ^ ASI & World Heritage Sites (Tentative list).
  20. ^ a b Chugh 2016, p. 388.
  21. ^ a b ASI & Parsvanatha Basti, Halebid.
  22. ^ a b ASI & Shantinatha Basti, Halebid.
  23. ^ a b ASI & Adinatha Basti, Halebid.
  24. ^ Titze & Bruhn 1998, p. 51.
  25. ^ ASI & Archaeological Museum, Halebid.
  26. ^ Hunter 1886, p. 93.
  27. ^ Eastwick 1879, p. 252.
  28. ^ Kapoor 2002, p. 2771.
  29. ^ von Glasenapp 1925, p. 71.
  30. ^ von Glasenapp 1925, p. 72.
  31. ^ Channarayapatna Taluka Administration, p. 11.
  32. ^ Hendrix & Okeja 2018, p. 508.
  33. ^ Varadpande 1987, p. 142.
  34. ^ Rajendran & Aravazhi 2011, p. 987.
  35. ^ a b Titze & Bruhn 1998, p. 50.
  36. ^ Jaina 2006, p. 170.
  37. ^ Evans 1997, p. 257.
  38. ^ Shah 1987, p. 277.
  39. ^ Deccan Herald 2011.
  40. ^ Settar 1971, pp. 27–33.
  41. ^ Raman 1994, p. 59.
  42. ^ Deccan Herald 2019.
  43. ^ Panikar 2010, p. 249.
  44. ^ a b The Hindu 2019a.
  45. ^ The Hindu 2019b.
  46. ^ Outlook 2021.
  47. ^ The Hindu 2021.
  48. ^ Mendonca 2013.
  49. ^ ASI Bangalore circle & Centrally Protected Monuments.
  50. ^ Shah 1987, p. 264.
  51. ^ Girish 2018.
  52. ^ Golden Chariot route.

Bibliography edit

Books edit

  • Caldwell, Robert (1881). A Political and General History of the District of Tinnevelly, in the Presidency of Madras (From the Earliest Period to Its Cession to the English Government in A, Part 1801 ed.). E. Keys, at the Government Press.
  • Chugh, Lalit (2016). Karnataka's Rich Heritage - Art and Architecture (From Prehistoric Times to the Hoysala Period ed.). Chennai: Notion Press. ISBN 978-93-5206-825-8.
  • Eastwick, Edward Backhouse (1879). Handbook of the Madras Presidency. Murray's Handbooks for Travellers (2 ed.). London: John Murray.
  • Evans, Kirsti (1997). Kippenberg, H. G.; Lawson, E. T. (eds.). Epic Narratives in the Hoysaḷa Temples: The Rāmāyaṇa, Mahābhārata, and Bhāgavata Purāṇa in Haḷebīd, Belūr, and Amṛtapura. Numen Book Series. Vol. 74. New York: BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-10575-1.
  • Hendrix, Scott E.; Okeja, Uchenna (2018). The World's Greatest Religious Leaders: How Religious Figures Helped Shape World History. Vol. 2. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781440841385.
  • Hunter, Sir William Wilson (1886). The Imperial Gazetteer of India. The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. 10 (2 ed.). Trübner & Co.
  • Jaina, Jyotiprasāda (2006). Religion and Culture of the Jains. Jñānapīṭha Mūrtidevī granthamālā: English series (6 ed.). Bharatiya Jnanpith.
  • Jones, W. M. (1865). Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Vol. 33. Calcutta: Bishop's College Press.
  • Kapoor, Subodh (2002). The Indian Encyclopaedia: Gautami Ganga. Vol. 9. New Delhi: Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. ISBN 978-81-7755-266-9.
  • Knapp, Stephen (2008). Seeing Spiritual India: A Guide to Temples, Holy Sites, Festivals and Traditions. iUniverse. ISBN 9780595614523.
  • Menon, Indira (2013). RHYTHMS IN STONE, The Temples of South India. New Delhi: Ambi Knowledge Resource. ISBN 9788190359139.
  • Panikar, Agustin (2010). Jainism: History, Society, Philosophy and Practice. Lala Sunder Lal Jain research series. Vol. 24. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-3460-6.
  • Raman, Afried (1994). Bangalore - Mysore. Madras: Orient Blackswan. ISBN 9780863114311.
  • Rice, B. L. (2001) [1897]. Gazetteer of Mysore. Vol. 2. Karnataka: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 9788120609778.
  • Sangave, Vilas Adinath (2001), Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, ISBN 978-81-7154-839-2
  • Shah, Umakant Premanand (1987). Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography. Delhi: Abhinav Publications. ISBN 81-7017-208-X.
  • Stein, Burton (1989). The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-26693-2.
  • Tandon, O. P. (1986). Jaina Shrines in India. Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. ISBN 978-81-230-2454-7.
  • Titze, Kurt; Bruhn, Klaus (1998). Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence (2 ed.). New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-1534-3.
  • Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (1987). History of Indian Theatre. Vol. 1. Delhi: Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-221-5.
  • von Glasenapp, Helmuth (1925). Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation [Der Jainismus: Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion]. Shridhar B. Shrotri (trans.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted: 1999). ISBN 81-208-1376-6.

Web edit

  • Rajendran, C. P.; Aravazhi, P. (2011). "Ancient Canal and Stone Quarries near Halebidu, Hassan District, Karnataka". Current Science. 101 (8): 987–989. JSTOR 24079259. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  • Settar, S (1971). "The Brahmadeva Pillars. An Inquiry into the Origin and Nature of the Brahmadeva Worship among the Digambara Jains". Artibus Asiae. 33 (1): 17–38. doi:10.2307/3249787. JSTOR 3249787. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  • Girish, M. B. (19 June 2018). "Facelift for Belur, Halebeedu". Deccan Chronicle. www.deccanchronicle.com. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  • Mendonca, Alvin (11 February 2013). "Hoysala treasures waiting to be discovered". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  • "ASI finds ruins of ancient Jain structure at Halebid". The Hindu. Karnataka: The Hindu. 24 June 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  • "Antiques found lying by the roadside in Halebid". The Hindu. Karnataka: The Hindu. 18 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  • "Halebeedu Jain basadi cries for attention". Deccan Herald. Karnataka: www.deccanherald.com. 17 January 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  • "'Mahamasthakabhisheka' for world peace at Halebeed". Deccan Herald. 1 July 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  • "Mastakabhisheka in Halebeedu". Deccan Herald. 24 January 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  • "Excavation unravels remains of a Jain temple in Halebid". The Hindu. 4 February 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  • "ASI Unearths Jain Temple In Karnataka's Hassan District". Outlook. 10 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  • Sharma, Mahesh (4 April 2018). "Basic tourist amenities at the 100 identified Adarsh Smarak". Press Information Bureau. Ministry of Culture (India). Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  • "Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala". UNESCO. 15 April 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  • "A Jain temple near Hullabeed. [Halebid]". British Library. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  • "Pride of the South". Golden Chariot.
  • Government of Karnataka
    • Karnataka Government. "A handbook of Karnataka" (PDF). www.karnataka.gov.in. Government of Karnataka. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
    • "Mirroring grace in stone" (PDF). channarayapatna.kar.nic.in. Government of Karnataka.
  • Archaeological Survey of India
    • "Centrally Protected Monuments". Archaeological Survey of India. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
    • "Parsvanatha Basti, Halebid". Archaeological Survey of India. Archived from the original on 18 November 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
    • "Shantinatha Basti, Halebid". Archaeological Survey of India. Archived from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
    • "Adinatha Basti, Halebid". Archaeological Survey of India. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
    • "Archaeological Museum, Halebid". Archaeological Survey of India. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
    • "World Heritage Sites (TENTATIVE LIST)". Archaeological Survey of India. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
    • "Parsvanatha Basadi, Hassan, Karnataka". Archaeological Survey of India.
    • "Santhinatha Basadi, Hassan, Karnataka". Archaeological Survey of India.
    • "Adinatha Basadi, Hassan, Karnataka". Archaeological Survey of India.

Enternal links edit

  • Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala

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