James Madison (1751–1836) was the president of the United States from 1809 to 1817.

James Madison may also refer to:

• James Madison Sr. (1723–1801), American farmer and entrepreneur
• James Madison (bishop) (1749–1812), American bishop
• James Madison (Medal of Honor) (1842–1926), United States Army sergeant and Medal of Honor recipient
• James Jonas Madison (1884–1922), American sailor & Medal of Honor recipient
• James Madison (born 1956/57), American bank robber a.k.a. the Mad Hatter
• James Madison (musician) (1935–2008), known as James "Pee Wee" Madison, the blues guitar player in Muddy Waters' band
• James Madison (writer) (1872–1943), American writer and publisher of Madison's Budget
• James S. Madison (1846–1892), Mississippi politician
• James H. Madison, American writer