Summary
Japhug is a Gyalrong language spoken in Barkam County, Rngaba, Sichuan, China, in the three townships of Gdong-brgyad (Chinese: 龙尔甲; pinyin: Lóng'rjiǎ, Japhug IPA: [ʁdɯrɟɤt]), Gsar-rdzong (Chinese: 沙尔宗; pinyin: Shā'rzōng, Japhug IPA: [sarndzu]) and Da-tshang (Chinese: 大藏; pinyin: Dàzàng, Japhug IPA: [tatsʰi]).
| Japhug | |
|---|---|
| IPA: [kɯrɯ skɤt] | |
| Pronunciation | IPA: [tɕɤpʰɯ] |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Sichuan |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | (included in Jiarong [jya]) |
| Glottolog | japh1234 |
The endonym of the Japhug language is IPA: [kɯrɯ skɤt]. The name Japhug (IPA: [tɕɤpʰɯ]; Tibetan: ja phug; Chinese: 茶堡; pinyin: Chápù) refers in Japhug to the area comprising Gsar-rdzong and Da-tshang, while that of Gdong-brgyad is also known as IPA: [sɤŋu] (Jacques 2004), but speakers of Situ Gyalrong use this name to refer to the whole Japhug-speaking area.
Phonology edit
Japhug is the only toneless Gyalrong language. It has 49 consonants and seven vowels.
Consonants edit
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Alveopalatal | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Occlusive | nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||
| prenasalized | ᵐb | ⁿd | ⁿdz | ᶯɖʐ | ᶮdʑ | ᶮɟ | ᵑɡ | ᶰɢ | |
| voiced | b | d | dz | dʐ | dʑ | ɟ | ɡ | ||
| voiceless | p | t | ts | tʂ | tɕ | c | k | q | |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | tsʰ | tʂʰ | tɕʰ | cʰ | kʰ | qʰ | |
| Continuant | voiced | w | l | z | ʐ | ʑ | j | ɣ | ʁ |
| voiceless | ɬ | s | ʂ | ɕ | x | χ | |||
| Trill | r | ||||||||
The phoneme /w/ has the allophones [β] and [f].
The phoneme /ʁ/ is realized as an epiglottal fricative in the coda or preceding another consonant.
The prenasalized consonants are analyzed as units for two reasons. First, there is a phoneme /ɴɢ/, as in /ɴɢoɕna/ "large spider", but neither /ɴ/ nor /ɢ/ exist as independent phonemes. Second, there are clusters of fricatives and prenasalized voiced stops, as in /ʑmbri/ "willow", but never clusters of fricatives and prenasalized voiceless stops.
Japhug distinguishes between palatal plosives and velar plosive + j sequences, as in /co/ "valley" vs. /kjo/ "drag". These both contrast with alveolo-palatal affricates.
There are at least 339 consonant clusters in Japhug (Jacques 2008:29), more than in Old Tibetan or in most Indo-European languages. Some of these clusters are typologically unusual: in addition to the previously mentioned clusters of fricatives and prenasalized stops, there are clusters where the first element is a semivowel, as in /jla/ "hybrid of a yak and a cow".
Vowels edit
Japhug has eight vowel phonemes: a, o, u, ɤ, ɯ, y, e and i. The vowel y is attested in only one native word (/qaɟy/ "fish") and its derivatives, but appears in Chinese loanwords.
Grammar edit
Jacques (2008) is a short grammar and Jacques and Chen (2010) a text collection with interlinear glosses. Other studies on morphosyntax include Jacques (2010) on direct–inverse marking, Jacques (2012a) on valency (passive, antipassive, anticausative, lability etc.), Jacques (2012b) on incorporation and Jacques (2013) on associated motion.
References edit
- Jacques, Guillaume (2004). Phonologie et morphologie du Japhug (rGyalrong) (PDF) (Doctoral thesis) (in French). Université Paris VII.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2007). "La réduplication partielle en japhug, révélatrice des structures syllabiques". Faits de Langues (in French). 29: 9–21. doi:10.1163/19589514-029-01-900000003.
- Jacques, Guillaume 向柏霖; Chen, Zhen 陈珍 (2007). "Chábǎohuà de bù jíwù qiánzhuì jí xiāngguān wèntí" 茶堡話的不及物前綴及相關問題 [An Intransitive Prefix in Japhug rGyalrong and Related Problems] (PDF). Language and Linguistics / Yǔyán jì yǔyánxué (in Chinese). 8 (4): 883–912.
- Jacques, Guillaume 向柏霖 (2008). Jiāróngyǔ yánjiū 嘉绒语研究 [A Study on the Gyalrong Language] (in Chinese). Beijing Shi: Minzu chubanshe.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2010). "The inverse in Japhug Rgyalrong". Language and Linguistics. 11 (1): 127–157.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2012). "From Denominal Derivation to Incorporation". Lingua. 122 (11): 1027–1231. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.383.1. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2012.05.010.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2012). "Argument demotion in Japhug Rgyalrong". In Authier, Gilles; Haude, Katharina (eds.). Ergativity, Valency and Voice. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 199–225.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2013). "Ideophones in Japhug (Rgyalrong)". Anthropological Linguistics. 55 (3): 256–287. doi:10.1353/anl.2013.0014. S2CID 143579082.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2013). "Applicative and tropative derivations in Japhug Rgyalrong". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 36 (2): 1–13.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2013). "Harmonization and disharmonization of affix ordering and basic word order". Linguistic Typology. 17 (2): 187–215. doi:10.1515/lity-2013-0009. S2CID 55555480.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2014). "Denominal affixes as sources of antipassive markers in Japhug Rgyalrong" (PDF). Lingua. 138: 1–22. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2013.09.011.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2014). "Clause linking in Japhug" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 37 (2): 264–328. doi:10.1075/ltba.37.2.05jac.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2015). "The spontaneous-autobenefactive prefix in Japhug Rgyalrong" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 38 (2): 271–291. doi:10.1075/ltba.38.2.08jac.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2015). "The origin of the causative prefix in Rgyalrong languages and its implication for proto-Sino-Tibetan reconstruction" (PDF). Folia Linguistica Historica. 36 (1): 165–198. doi:10.1515/flih-2015-0002. S2CID 151841620.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2016). "Subjects, objects and relativization in Japhug" (PDF). Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 44 (1): 1–28. doi:10.1353/jcl.2016.0005. S2CID 160031499.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2016). "From ergative to index of comparison: multiple reanalyses and polyfunctionality". Diachronica. 33 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1075/dia.33.1.01jac.
- Jacques, Guillaume (2021). A Grammar of Japhug. Berlin: Language Science Press. doi:10.5281/zenodo.4548232. ISBN 9783961103058.
- Jacques, Guillaume; Chen, Zhen (2010). Une version Rgyalrong de l'épopée de Gesar (in French). Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology.
- Lin, Youjing 林幼菁; Luo, Erwu 罗尔武 (2003). "Chábǎo Jiāróngyǔ Dàzànghuà de qūxiàng qiánzhuì yǔ dòngcí cígàn de biànhuà" 茶堡嘉戎语大藏话的趋向前缀与动词词干的变化 [Directive Prefixes and Changes of Verb Stems in Dazang rGyalrong]. Mínzú yǔwén 民族語文 (in Chinese). 2003 (4): 19–29.