Jha (Indic)

Summary

Jha is the ninth consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, jha is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Jha
Jha
Example glyphs
Bengali–AssameseJha
Thai
Malayalam
Sinhala
Ashoka BrahmiJha
DevanagariJha
Cognates
Hebrewז
GreekΖ
LatinZ, Ʒ, ẞ
CyrillicЗ
Properties
Phonemic representation/d͡ʒʱ/ /cʰ/B
IAST transliterationjha Jha
ISCII code pointBB (187)

^B In Khmer

Āryabhaṭa numeration edit

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of झ are:[1]

  • [d͡ʒʱə] = 9 (९)
  • झि [d͡ʒʱɪ] = 900 (९००)
  • झु [d͡ʒʱʊ] = 90,000 (९० ०००)
  • झृ [d͡ʒʱri] = 9,000,000 (९० ०० ०००)
  • झॢ [d͡ʒlə] = 9×108 (९×८०)
  • झे [d͡ʒʱe] = 9×1010 (९×८०१०)
  • झै [d͡ʒʱɛː] = 9×1012 (९×८०१२)
  • झो [d͡ʒʱoː] = 9×1014 (९×८०१४)
  • झौ [d͡ʒʱɔː] = 9×1016 (९×८०१६)

Historic Jha edit

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Jha as found in standard Brahmi,   was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms in later times. The Tocharian Jha   did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. There is no evidence of a Jha in the corpus of Kharoṣṭhī texts currently known.

Brahmi Jha edit

The Brahmi letter  , Jha, is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Zayin  , and is thus related to the modern Latin and Greek Z. A couple of identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Jha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[2] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Jha historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)
Girnar
(~150 BCE)
Kushana
(~150-250 CE)
Gujarat
(~250 CE)
Gupta
(~350 CE)
  No samples   No samples No samples

Tocharian Jha edit

The Tocharian letter   is derived from the Brahmi  , but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Jha with vowel marks
Jha Jhā Jhi Jhī Jhu Jhū Jhr Jhr̄ Jhe Jhai Jho Jhau Jhä
                     

Devanagari script edit

Jha (, Hindi: झकार, [d͡ʒʱkaːr]) is the ninth consonant of the Devanagari abugida.   is a variant of झ that also in use, particularly in older texts.[3] It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter ઝ and the Modi letter 𑘖.

Devanagari Ža edit

  Ža (झ़) is the character jha (झ) combined with a nuqta. It is used to transcribe the voiced patalal fricative [ʒ] from Urdu (ژ) and English. Ža (झ़) should not be confused with za (ज़), which is used to denote the voiced alveolar sibilant [z] from Urdu, English, and other languages. Ža (झ़) should also not be confused zha (ॹ), which is used in Devanagari transcriptions of the Avestan letter zhe (𐬲) to denote the voiced post-alveolar fricative [ʒ]. An equivalent sound, in some Slavic languages, is ž, ż or ж ("zh").

Devanagari-using Languages edit

In many languages, झ is pronounced as [d͡ʒʱə] or [d͡ʒʱ] when appropriate. In Marathi, झ is sometimes pronounced as [d͡zʱə] or [d͡zʱ] in addition to [d͡ʒʱə] or [d͡ʒʱ]. Therefore, loanwords having /z/ use this letter for the sound in Marathi. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari झ with vowel marks
Jha Jhā Jhi Jhī Jhu Jhū Jhr Jhr̄ Jhl Jhl̄ Jhe Jhai Jho Jhau Jh
झा झि झी झु झू झृ झॄ झॢ झॣ झे झै झो झौ झ्

Conjuncts with झ edit

 
Half form of Jha.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]

Ligature conjuncts of झ edit

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form   for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • Repha र् (r) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature rjʰa र्झ: note

 

  • Eyelash र् (r) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature rjʰa र्‍झ:

 

  • झ् (jʰ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature jʰra झ्र:

 

  • झ् (jʰ) + न (na) gives the ligature jʰna झ्न:

 

Stacked conjuncts of झ edit

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

  • छ্ (cʰ) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature cʰjʰa:

 

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature ḍʱjʰa:

 

  • ड্ (ḍ) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature ḍjʰa:

 

  • द্ (d) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature djʰa:

 

  • झ্ (jʰ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature jʰba:

 

  • झ্ (jʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature jʰca:

 

  • झ্ (jʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature jʰḍa:

 

  • झ্ (jʰ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature jʰja:

 

  • झ্ (jʰ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature jʰjña:

 

  • झ্ (jʰ) + ल (la) gives the ligature jʰla:

 

  • झ্ (jʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature jʰŋa:

 

  • झ্ (jʰ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature jʰña:

 

  • झ্ (jʰ) + व (va) gives the ligature jʰva:

 

  • ख্ (kʰ) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature kʰjʰa:

 

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature ŋjʰa:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature ṭʰjʰa:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature ṭjʰa:

 

Bengali script edit

The Bengali script ঝ is derived from the Siddhaṃ  , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, झ. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ঝ will sometimes be transliterated as "jho" instead of "jha". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /d͡ʒʱo/. Like all Indic consonants, ঝ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali ঝ with vowel marks
jha jhā jhi jhī jhu jhū jhr jhr̄ jhe jhai jho jhau jh
ঝা ঝি ঝী ঝু ঝূ ঝৃ ঝৄ ঝে ঝৈ ঝো ঝৌ ঝ্

ঝ in Bengali-using languages edit

ঝ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with ঝ edit

Bengali ঝ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, but has significantly fewer conjunct ligatures than most other Bengali letters.[5]

  • জ্ (j) + ঝ (jʰa) gives the ligature jjʰa:

 

  • ঞ্ (ñ) + ঝ (jʰa) gives the ligature ñjʰa:

 

  • র্ (r) + ঝ (jʰa) gives the ligature rjʰa, with the repha prefix:

 

Gujarati Jha edit

 
Gujarati Jha.

Jha () is the ninth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is possibly derived from a variant of 16th century Devanagari Jha   with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter  .

Gujarati-using Languages edit

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ઝ is pronounced as [jʰə] or [] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Jha Jhā Jhi Jhī Jhu Jhū Jhr Jhl Jhr̄ Jhl̄ Jhĕ Jhe Jhai Jhŏ Jho Jhau Jh
 
Gujarati Jha syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with ઝ edit

Gujarati ઝ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Jha does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Jha will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + ઝ (jʰa) gives the ligature RJha:

 

  • ઝ્ (jʰa) + ર (r) gives the ligature JhRa:

 

Gurmukhi script edit

Chajaa [t͡ʃə̀d͡ʒːɑ] () is the fourteenth letter of the Gurmukhi alphabet. Its name is [t͡ʃə̀d͡ʒːɑ] and pronounced as /t͡ʃə̀/. To differentiate between consonants, the Punjabi tonal consonant t͡ʃə̀ is often transliterated in the way of the Hindi voiced aspirate consonants jha although Punjabi does not have this sound. It is derived from the Laṇḍā letter jha, and ultimately from the Brahmi jha. Gurmukhi chajaa does not have a special pairin or addha (reduced) form for making conjuncts, and in modern Punjabi texts do not take a half form or halant to indicate the bare consonant /t͡ʃ/, although Gurmukhi Sanskrit texts may use an explicit halant.

Burmese script edit

Za Myin zwe(ဈ) is the 19th letter of the Burmese script. Zay(ဈေး) means bazzar. Zan (ဈာန်) means intense connection of mind.

Telugu Jha edit

 
 
Telugu independent and subjoined Jha.

Jha () is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  . It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Jha edit

 
Malayalam letter Jha

Jha () is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  , via the Grantha letter   Jha. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

 
Malayalam Jha matras: Jha, Jhā, Jhi, Jhī, Jhu, Jhū, Jhr̥, Jhr̥̄, Jhl̥, Jhl̥̄, Jhe, Jhē, Jhai, Jho, Jhō, Jhau, and Jh.

Conjuncts of ഝ edit

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Jha does not form ligatures or other combining forms, and jha conjuncts can only be formed with post-base forms of other letters and explicit candrakkala. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

Thai script edit

Cho choe (ฌ) is the twelfth letter of the Thai script. It falls under the low class of Thai consonants. In IPA, cho choe is pronounced as [tɕʰ] at the beginning of a syllable and may not be used to close a syllable. The eighth letter of the alphabet, cho chan (จ), is also named cho but represents a different initial consonant sound and falls under the middle class of Thai consonants. The ninth letter of the alphabet, cho ching (ฉ), is also named cho and falls under the high class of Thai consonants. The tenth letter of the alphabet, cho chang (ช), is also named cho and falls under the low class of Thai consonants. Unlike many Indic scripts, Thai consonants do not form conjunct ligatures, and use the pinthuan explicit virama with a dot shape—to indicate bare consonants. In the acrophony of the Thai script, choe (เฌอ) means ‘tree’. Cho choe corresponds to the Sanskrit character ‘झ’.

Odia Jha edit

 
 
Odia independent and subjoined letter Jha.

Jha () is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  , via the Siddhaṃ letter   Jha. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Jha with vowel matras
Jha Jhā Jhi Jhī Jhu Jhū Jhr̥ Jhr̥̄ Jhl̥ Jhl̥̄ Jhe Jhai Jho Jhau Jh
ଝା ଝି ଝୀ ଝୁ ଝୂ ଝୃ ଝୄ ଝୢ ଝୣ ଝେ ଝୈ ଝୋ ଝୌ ଝ୍

Conjuncts of ଝ edit

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

  • ଞ୍ (ñ) + ଝ (jʰa) gives the ligature ñjʰa:

 

Kaithi Jha edit

 
Kaithi consonant Jha.

Jha (𑂕) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  , via the Siddhaṃ letter   Jha. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Jha with vowel matras
Jha Jhā Jhi Jhī Jhu Jhū Jhe Jhai Jho Jhau Jh
𑂕 𑂕𑂰 𑂕𑂱 𑂕𑂲 𑂕𑂳 𑂕𑂴 𑂕𑂵 𑂕𑂶 𑂕𑂷 𑂕𑂸 𑂕𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂕 edit

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂕 (jʰa) gives the ligature rjʰa:

 

Comparison of Jha edit

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Jha, are related as well. Exceptionally, the glyph of the Lao character used for Jha is a modification of Ja.


Comparison of Jha in different scripts
Aramaic
 
Kharoṣṭhī
-
Ashoka Brahmi
 
Kushana Brahmi[a]
 
Tocharian[b]
 
Gupta Brahmi
𑀛
Pallava
 
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
-
Siddhaṃ
 
Grantha
𑌝
Cham
Sinhala
Pyu /
Old Mon[c]
-
Tibetan
-
Newa
-
Ahom
-
Malayalam
Telugu
Burmese
Lepcha
-
Ranjana
 
Saurashtra
Dives Akuru
-
Kannada
Kayah Li
-
Limbu
Soyombo[d]
-
Khmer
Tamil
-
Chakma
𑄏
Tai Tham
Meitei Mayek
Gaudi
-
Thai
Lao
-
Tai Le
-
Marchen
-
Tirhuta
𑒗
New Tai Lue
-
Tai Viet
-
Aksara Kawi
 
'Phags-pa
-
Odia
Sharada
𑆙
Rejang
-
Batak
-
Buginese
-
Zanabazar Square
Bengali-Assamese
 
Takri
𑚒
Javanese
Balinese
Makasar
-
Hangul[e]
-
Northern Nagari
-
Dogri
-
Laṇḍā
-
Sundanese
-
Baybayin
-
Modi
𑘖
Gujarati
Khojki
-
Khudabadi
𑋄
Mahajani
𑅜
Tagbanwa
-
Devanagari
 
Nandinagari
-
Kaithi
 
Gurmukhi
Multani
-
Buhid
-
Canadian Syllabics[f]
-
Soyombo[g]
-
Sylheti Nagari
Gunjala Gondi
-
Masaram Gondi[h]
-
Hanuno'o
-
Notes
  1. ^ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. ^ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. ^ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. ^ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. ^ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. ^ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. ^ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. ^ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.


Character encodings of Jha edit

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Jha in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Jha from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Preview    
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER JHA BENGALI LETTER JHA TELUGU LETTER JHA ORIYA LETTER JHA KANNADA LETTER JHA MALAYALAM LETTER JHA GUJARATI LETTER JHA GURMUKHI LETTER JHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 2333 U+091D 2461 U+099D 3101 U+0C1D 2845 U+0B1D 3229 U+0C9D 3357 U+0D1D 2717 U+0A9D 2589 U+0A1D
UTF-8 224 164 157 E0 A4 9D 224 166 157 E0 A6 9D 224 176 157 E0 B0 9D 224 172 157 E0 AC 9D 224 178 157 E0 B2 9D 224 180 157 E0 B4 9D 224 170 157 E0 AA 9D 224 168 157 E0 A8 9D
Numeric character reference झ झ ঝ ঝ ఝ ఝ ଝ ଝ ಝ ಝ ഝ ഝ ઝ ઝ ਝ ਝ
ISCII 187 BB 187 BB 187 BB 187 BB 187 BB 187 BB 187 BB 187 BB


Character information
Preview
Ashoka 
Kushana 
Gupta 
  𑌝
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER JHA SIDDHAM LETTER JHA GRANTHA LETTER JHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 69659 U+1101B 71062 U+11596 70429 U+1131D
UTF-8 240 145 128 155 F0 91 80 9B 240 145 150 150 F0 91 96 96 240 145 140 157 F0 91 8C 9D
UTF-16 55300 56347 D804 DC1B 55301 56726 D805 DD96 55300 57117 D804 DF1D
Numeric character reference 𑀛 𑀛 𑖖 𑖖 𑌝 𑌝


Character information
Preview 𑆙
Unicode name SHARADA LETTER JHA
Encodings decimal hex
Unicode 70041 U+11199
UTF-8 240 145 134 153 F0 91 86 99
UTF-16 55300 56729 D804 DD99
Numeric character reference 𑆙 𑆙


Character information
Preview
Unicode name MYANMAR LETTER JHA TAI THAM LETTER LOW CHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex
Unicode 4104 U+1008 6699 U+1A2B
UTF-8 225 128 136 E1 80 88 225 168 171 E1 A8 AB
Numeric character reference ဈ ဈ ᨫ ᨫ


Character information
Preview
Unicode name KHMER LETTER CHO THAI CHARACTER CHO CHOE
Encodings decimal hex dec hex
Unicode 6024 U+1788 3596 U+0E0C
UTF-8 225 158 136 E1 9E 88 224 184 140 E0 B8 8C
Numeric character reference ឈ ឈ ฌ ฌ


Character information
Preview 𑄏
Unicode name SINHALA LETTER MAHAAPRAANA JAYANNA CHAKMA LETTER JHAA SAURASHTRA LETTER JHA CHAM LETTER JHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3491 U+0DA3 69903 U+1110F 43162 U+A89A 43535 U+AA0F
UTF-8 224 182 163 E0 B6 A3 240 145 132 143 F0 91 84 8F 234 162 154 EA A2 9A 234 168 143 EA A8 8F
UTF-16 3491 0DA3 55300 56591 D804 DD0F 43162 A89A 43535 AA0F
Numeric character reference ඣ ඣ 𑄏 𑄏 ꢚ ꢚ ꨏ ꨏ


Character information
Preview 𑘖  
Unicode name MODI LETTER JHA SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER JHO KAITHI LETTER JHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71190 U+11616 43023 U+A80F 69781 U+11095
UTF-8 240 145 152 150 F0 91 98 96 234 160 143 EA A0 8F 240 145 130 149 F0 91 82 95
UTF-16 55301 56854 D805 DE16 43023 A80F 55300 56469 D804 DC95
Numeric character reference 𑘖 𑘖 ꠏ ꠏ 𑂕 𑂕


Character information
Preview 𑒗
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER JHA LIMBU LETTER JHA MEETEI MAYEK LETTER JHAM
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 70807 U+11497 6409 U+1909 43987 U+ABD3
UTF-8 240 145 146 151 F0 91 92 97 225 164 137 E1 A4 89 234 175 147 EA AF 93
UTF-16 55301 56471 D805 DC97 6409 1909 43987 ABD3
Numeric character reference 𑒗 𑒗 ᤉ ᤉ ꯓ ꯓ


Character information
Preview 𑚒 𑋄 𑅜
Unicode name TAKRI LETTER JHA KHUDAWADI LETTER JHA MAHAJANI LETTER JHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71314 U+11692 70340 U+112C4 69980 U+1115C
UTF-8 240 145 154 146 F0 91 9A 92 240 145 139 132 F0 91 8B 84 240 145 133 156 F0 91 85 9C
UTF-16 55301 56978 D805 DE92 55300 57028 D804 DEC4 55300 56668 D804 DD5C
Numeric character reference 𑚒 𑚒 𑋄 𑋄 𑅜 𑅜


Character information
Preview
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER JA JERA JAVANESE LETTER JA MAHAPRANA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex
Unicode 6939 U+1B1B 43417 U+A999
UTF-8 225 172 155 E1 AC 9B 234 166 153 EA A6 99
Numeric character reference ᬛ ᬛ ꦙ ꦙ




References edit

  1. ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
  3. ^ Bahri, Harder (2004). Hindi-Angrezi Shabdkosh. p. xiii.
  4. ^ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  5. ^ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
  • Kurt Elfering: Die Mathematik des Aryabhata I. Text, Übersetzung aus dem Sanskrit und Kommentar. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München, 1975, ISBN 3-7705-1326-6
  • Georges Ifrah: The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000, ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  • B. L. van der Waerden: Erwachende Wissenschaft. Ägyptische, babylonische und griechische Mathematik. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel Stuttgart, 1966, ISBN 3-7643-0399-9
  • Fleet, J. F. (January 1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 43: 109–126. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00040995. ISSN 0035-869X. JSTOR 25189823.
  • Fleet, J. F. (1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 43. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 109–126. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00040995. JSTOR 25189823.
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated consonant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".