Summary
John Chinaman was a stock caricature of a Chinese laborer seen in cartoons of the 19th century.[1] Also referenced by Mark Twain and popular American songs of the period,[2] John Chinaman represented, in western society, a typical persona of China. He was typically depicted with a long queue and wearing a coolie hat.
History edit
John Chinaman minstrel songs from the 1850s presented Chinese men as effeminate and unmanly.[3]: 26 Such songs frequently revolved around John Chinaman's failed pursuit of white women.[3]: 26
American political cartoonist Thomas Nast, who often depicted John Chinaman, created a variant, John Confucius, to represent Chinese political figures.
In Nast's cartoon "A Matter of Taste", published March 15, 1879 (seen at right), John Confucius expresses disapproval of Senator James G. Blaine for his support of the Chinese Exclusion Act. Blaine is shown dining in "Kearney's Senatorial Restaurant"—a reference to Denis Kearney, the leader of a violent anti-Chinese movement in California. John Confucius asks, "How can Christians stomach such diet?"
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term first emerged with British sailors who, uninterested in learning how to pronounce the names of the Chinese stewards, firemen, and sailors who worked as part of their crews, came up with the generic nickname of "John".[4]
Notes edit
- ^ An example from Punch, May 9, 1857 at www.thecore.nus.edu Archived September 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ An example from The California Songster, 1855, at www.columbia.edu
- ^ a b Crean, Jeffrey (2024). The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-350-23394-2.
- ^ "John, n.". OED Online. September 2013. Oxford University Press. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
External links edit
- Mark Twain on "John Chinaman"