Summary
John Streater (died 1687) was an English soldier, political writer and printer. An opponent of Oliver Cromwell, Streater was a "key republican critic of the regime"[1] He was a leading example of the "commonwealthmen", one division among the English republicans of the period, along with James Harrington, Edmund Ludlow, and Henry Nevile.[2]
Republican edit
He was in the Parliamentary forces from 1642, seeing action at the Battle of Edgehill and Battle of Newbury.[3] He served in the Parliamentary army in Ireland, as a quarter-master and engineer.
He made a direct reply in 1653, "Christ must come before Christmas, or else he will come too late", to Cromwell's supporter Thomas Harrison, who said that Cromwell sought not for himself but that "King Jesus might take the sceptre".[4] This comes from James Heath, Flagellum: or, the Life and death, birth and burial of Oliver Cromwell (1663), and is considered "rather dubious" by Austin Woolrych.
In 1654 he started a serial publication, Observations Historical, Political. and Philosophical. It ran for 11 issues, from 4 April to 4 July. It argued for annual elections.[5] Taking the form of commentary on the Politics of Aristotle, it broached many topics such as censorship, free speech and right of assembly, with views on the family and criticism of the paternalist theories of divine right.[6]
Streater has been seen as taking radical ideas, such as those suppressed with the Levellers, onto a new plane:
... Streater was making his republicanism occupy the space filled in the 1640s by Leveller ideas. The older generation of Levellers struggled to reach his position by incorporating ideas from classical republicanism.[7]
He fell into considerable trouble for his opposition to Cromwell, but found a protector in John Desborough.[8] He was arrested under a writ of Parliament, and argued a habeas corpus case, unsuccessfully, but using Sir Edward Coke's approach.[9] A pamphleteer publicised the case (1654).[10] His eventual release in early 1654 was because Parliament was dissolved.[11]
In the political confusion of 1659, he argued once more a republican line: against tweaking the Protectorate, against single-person rule, against forms of Senate or "standing council".[12] He also was commissioned as a colonel by Parliament.[13]
Printer edit
He published The Commonwealth of Oceana in 1656.[14]
With John Macock he styled himself a printer to Parliament in 1659 and 1660.[15] After the Restoration he became a successful commercial printer, in particular with titles by Nicholas Culpeper from the backlist of Peter Cole who committed suicide in 1665.[16][17] He had a specific exemption from the 1662 Act regulating publishers.[18]
Works edit
- A Glympse of that Jewel (1653)
- Perfect and Impartial Intelligence (1654)
- A Seasonable Advertisement to the People of England (1659)
- A Shield against the Parthian Dart (1659)
- Secret Reasons of State (1659)
Notes edit
- ^ Jason Peacey, Politicians and Pamphleteers: Propaganda During the English Civil Wars and Interregnum (2004), p. 200.
- ^ Ronald H. Fritze, William B. Robison, Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603–1689 (1996), p. 121.
- ^ Nigel Smith, Popular Republicanism in the 1650s: John Streater's 'heroick mechanics' , p. 138, in David Armitage, Armand Himy, Quentin Skinner (editors), Milton and Republicanism (1998).
- ^ Christopher Hill, Puritanism and Revolution (1986 edition), p. 314.
- ^ Raymond R. Waddington, Blood, Soul and Mortalism in Paradise Lost, p. 86, Albert C. Labriola (editor), Milton Studies (2003).
- ^ Nigel Smith, Literature and Revolution in England, 1640–1660 (1994), p. 198.
- ^ Nigel Smith, Popular Republicanism in the 1650s: John Streater's 'heroick mechanics' , p. 154, in David Armitage, Armand Himy, Quentin Skinner (editors), Milton and Republicanism (1998).
- ^ Blair Worden, Literature and Politics in Cromwellian England: John Milton, Andrew Marvell, Marchamont Nedham (2007), p. 312.
- ^ James W. Ely, Property Rights in American History: From the Colonial Era to the Present (1997), p. 30.
- ^ Clavis ad aperiendum carceris ostia. Or, The high point of the writ of habeas corpus discussed: And not onely the several branches of the said writ, but also the authorities of both common and statute-law (with divers ancient and obscure records) produced and cleared. Shewing the remedies against illegal and unjust imprisonment. (Fit for the perusal of every English-man.) It being the case of Mr. John Streater, in Michaelmas & Hilary-Terms last past, at the Upper-bench-bar: he being committed by vertue of an Order of the late Councel of State, and an Order of Parliament of 21 Nov 1653. Wherein are recited the arguments of the prisoner and his learned counsel, on the one part; and those of Mr. Attorney-General, on the other. With the opinion of the reverend judges upon the whole matter. Also, a narrative of Mr. John Lilburn's proceedings in Michaelmas Term, in order to the obtaining of an habeas corpus.
- ^ Pauline Gregg, Free-Born John: The Biography of John Lilburne (1961), p. 334.
- ^ Ronald H. Fritze, William B. Robison, Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603–1689 (1996), p. 212.
- ^ "House of Commons Journal Volume 7: 13 January 1660 | British History Online".
- ^ N. H. Keeble, The Cambridge Companion to Writing of the English Revolution (2001), p. 64.
- ^ Jason Peacey, Politicians and Pamphleteers: Propaganda During the English Civil Wars and Interregnum (2004), p. 122.
- ^ Elizabeth Lane Furdell, Publishing and Medicine in Early Modern England (2002), p. 205 note 78.
- ^ Elizabeth Lane Furdel, "Reported to Be Distracted": The Suicide of Puritan Entrepreneur Peter Cole, The Historian, Vol. 66, 2004.
- ^ "Charles II, 1662: An Act for preventing the frequent Abuses in printing seditious treasonable and unlicensed Bookes and Pamphlets and for regulating of Printing and Printing Presses. | British History Online".
Further reading edit
- Joad Raymond, John Streater and the Grand Politick Informer, The Historical Journal, Vol. 41, No. 2 (Jun. 1998), pp. 567–574.
- Adrian Johns, "John Streater and The Knights of the Galaxy: Republicanism, Natural Knowledge and the Politics of Printing" in The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 266–324.
External links edit
- . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.