Texas began the "Little School" program, pioneered by Felix Tijerina, in 614 schools statewide. The program, designed to teach Spanish-speaking preschoolers 400 essential English words for a head start in the first grade, enrolled 15,805 children at its start.[1]
In considering possible meteoroid damage to the Mercury spacecraft in orbit, the Space Task Group concluded that damage likelihood was small even during periods of meteor showers. However, it was recommended that Mercury missions not be scheduled during forecasted shower periods.[6]
For the first time since 1919, New York's 22 Broadway theaters were closed, and scheduled performances were cancelled. The "theater blackout" was occasioned by a dispute between the Actors Equity Association and the League of New York Theaters but was resolved after eleven days.[7]
Sega is established by American businessmen Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan. Originally a coin-operating company, the company would be famously known for releasing the first Sonic the Hedgehog game in 1991. Sonic would later become a multi-billion dollar franchise for the Sega company.[9]
Argentina demanded that Israel return Adolf Eichmann, and then asked for reparations for Eichmann's seizure by Mossad agents in Buenos Aires. On August 2, the dispute was resolved by Israel keeping Eichmann, but acknowledging that Argentina's fundamental rights had been infringed upon.[7]
Articles 85 and 86 of the Constitution of France were amended to permit former territories to attain complete independence and to remain as members of the French Community. The decision did not save the Community, which had only six members—Gabon, Congo, Chad, the CAR, the Malagasy Republic and France—left by 1962.[12]
The infamous unsolved case of the Lake Bodom murders toke place at Bodom Lake in Espoo, Uusimaa, when Maila Björklund, Anja Mäki, and Seppo Boisman were stabbed to death while asleep inside their tent. Nils Gustafsson, the fourth member of the group, who had been seriously wounded, would be arrested nearly 44 years later,[13] but would be acquitted.[14][15]
Voters in a referendum in Cambodia approved making Prince Norodom Sihanouk as a non-royal Chief of State. The "official" result of the non-secret vote was 99.98% in favor of Sihanouk.[17]
Died:Rudell Stitch, 27, American professional welterweight boxer, drowned while trying to rescue a friend who had fallen overboard in the Ohio River. Stitch had planned to sign a contract the next day for a July 24 rematch against world welterweight champion Luis Manuel Rodriguez.
The American Heart Association announced a "statistical association" between heavy cigarette smoking and coronary heart disease, with heavy smokers having 50 to 150 percent greater death rate from heart disease than non-smokers.[18]
Lightweight boxer Tommy Pacheco was fatally injured in a bout with Benny Gordon at St. Nicholas Arena in New York. Pacheco died three days later from a cerebral hemorrhage.[20]
The first fixed-rate heart pacemaker, with five year mercuric-oxide battery and designed by a team headed by William Chardack, was implanted in a patient.[22]
Barbra Streisand, an 18-year-old Brooklynite, began a professional singing career by winning $50 in a talent contest at "The Lion", a nightclub in Greenwich Village.[23]
A BOMARC missile, and its nuclear warhead, caught fire at McGuire Air Force Base in New Jersey. Although a liquid helium tank in the missile exploded, and the warhead was melted by the fire, there was no risk of a nuclear blast in the Philadelphia area. The accident did cause a spillage of plutonium, and the contaminated areas were subsequently encased under asphalt and concrete.[26][27]
In the Saskatchewan election, Tommy Douglas's Co-operative Commonwealth Federation won a fifth consecutive majority. The election was significant as the first in which the province's Indians had voted.[30]
The United States Weather Bureau estimated that it would require $50,000 during fiscal year 1961 in support of Project Mercury. Bureau responsibilities included weather forecasting for Mercury launching and recovery activities, climatological studies along the area of the Mercury ground track, and environmental studies of specified areas.[6]
In Tokyo, President Eisenhower's Press Secretary, James C. Hagerty, appointments secretary Thomas E. Stephens, and U.S. Ambassador to Japan Douglas MacArthur II had their car surrounded by an angry mob, and were trapped inside for an hour and a half before a U.S. Marine helicopter rescued them. Eisenhower set off on his tour of the Far East the next day and refused to postpone his trip to Japan.[34]
Earlier in the day, all 31 people aboard Aeroflot Flight 207 were killed in the Soviet Union on an Ilyushin 14P that had departed Rostov in the Russian SFSR with four scheduled stops and a final destination of Tbilisi in the Georgian SSR, after takeoff from Sochi (in Russia) on a short flight to Kutaisi (in Georgia), and impacted at Mount Rech in the Caucasus Mountains.[35]
June 10, 1960, had been the scheduled date for President Eisenhower to arrive in Moscow to begin a tour of the Soviet Union, but the plans were cancelled in May 1960 following the U-2 Incident.
Thirty people at a wedding reception in Multan, Pakistan, were killed in the collapse of a roof.[7][38]
Born:Mehmet Oz, known professionally as Dr. Oz, American television presenter, physician, author, professor emeritus of cardiothoracic surgery at Columbia University, and former political candidate; in Cleveland, Ohio[39]
Elections began in Lebanon, and for the first time, the secret ballot was made available to voters, a reform implemented after the 1957 elections were tainted with fraud.[40] Voting for the 99 member parliament, which reserved 55 seats for Christians and 44 for Moslems, was conducted over four Sundays. Saeb Salam, leader of the Phalangists (Kataeb Party), became Prime Minister in August.
A Japanese midget submarine that had been sunk by depth charges near Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, was discovered after more than 18 years. The two-man I-18 was raised by the USS Current on July 6 and then returned to Japan.[41]
Thousands of protesters in Japan, angry over Japan's ratification of the security treaty with the United States, stormed into the parliament building and clashed with police. One female student, Michiko Kanba, was killed, and more than 600 students were injured. Nationwide an estimated 5.8 million people participated in demonstrations.[43] U.S. President Eisenhower cancelled a planned (June 19) visit to Tokyo at the request of Japan's Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi.[7]
A heat burst occurred near the resort of Lake Whitney, Texas, shortly after midnight, followed by a windstorm. Despite later claims that, from 80 degrees, the temperature rose to nearly 140 °F",[44] contemporary accounts at the time reported a peak of 95°.[45]
The eight-month-long strike by the Writers Guild of America ended with a settlement that the writers would later regret, with the right to residuals on old films being given up in return for health and pension benefits.[46]
BC Ferries, the second largest ferry operator in the world, started service with two ships, the M.V. Tsawwassen and the M.V. Sidney, operating between Tsawwassen and Swartz Bay.[47]
TIROS-1, launched on April 1 as the first weather satellite, stopped transmitting.
The proposed 23rd Amendment to the United States Constitution was approved by the U.S. Senate, two days after it had passed the House, and submitted to the states for ratification. Sponsored by Congressman Emanuel Cellar of New York, the amendment granted the District of Columbia three electoral votes, allowing D.C. residents to vote in presidential elections, and was ratified by March 29, 1961.[48]
Psycho, directed by Alfred Hitchcock and starring Anthony Perkins as the killer at the Bates Motel, had its premiere, at two cinemas in New York City, the DeMille and the Baronet.[50]
Ted Williams of the Boston Red Sox hit his 500th home run, in a game at Cleveland, off of Indians' pitcher Wynn Hawkins. Williams was only the fourth person to reach the milestone, after Babe Ruth, Jimmie Foxx and Mel Ott. Twenty-three others have hit 500 homers as of 2015.[51]
"Freedomland", a theme park designed in the shape of the United States and billed (until a lawsuit) as "Disneyland of the East", was dedicated in the Bronx, and opened the next day.[55]
In Moscow, KGB Chairman Aleksandr Shelepin secretly delivered a report to Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, warning that, according to KGB sources in the U.S., "the chiefs at the Pentagon are hoping to launch a preventive war against the Soviet Union". Relying on the misinformed report, Khrushchev publicly stated ten days later that the Soviets would use their own missiles if the U.S. attempted to invade Cuba.[58]
On his tour of the Far East, U.S. President Eisenhower encountered his first hostile reception, while visiting the island of Okinawa. A crowd of 1,500 protesters demonstrated in favor of the island's return from U.S. administration to Japan.[7]
Alan Stacey, 26, English race car driver, was killed on the 26th lap of the Belgian Grand Prix when he was struck in the face by a flying bird while driving at 120 miles per hour (190 km/h), causing him to lose control and overturn in a fiery crash.[60] Only six of the 17 starters were able to finish the race, won by Jack Brabham.[61]
Chris Bristow, 22, English race car driver, viewed as a "future world champion",[62] was killed on the 20th lap of the Belgian Grand Prix when he crashed and was thrown from his car.
The Mali Federation, created in 1959 by a merger of the French Sudan and Senegal, was granted independence by France. Modibo Keïta was head of the Federation, and Léopold Sédar Senghor was Speaker of the National Assembly.[64] The Federation existed for two months, until Senegal (led by Senghor) seceded on August 20. The former French Sudan then became the Republic of Mali, with Keita as its president.
At New York's Polo Grounds, a crowd of 31,892 watched Floyd Patterson became the first person to regain the world heavyweight boxing championship. In the fifth round, Patterson knocked out champion Ingemar Johansson with a powerful left hook that left the Swedish boxer unconscious for ten minutes. Johansson then walked out under his own power.[65]
Crewed tests of the Mercury environmental control system began. The subjects were clothed in pressure suits and subjected to postlanding conditions for 12 hours without serious physiological effects.[6]
Nan Winton became the first national female newsreader on BBC television.
Died:
John B. Kelly Sr., 70, athlete turned self-made millionaire, and father of Monaco's Princess Grace
A major oil discovery was made in the Tyumen Oblast of the Soviet Union, "heralding the beginning of western Siberian production on a large scale". Starting in 1964, petroleum from the Shaim Oil Field would be shipped on the Irtysh River to a refinery in Omsk.[66]
On the day that the unpopular U.S.-Japan Security Treaty went into effect, Japan's Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi announced his resignation. Kishi was replaced by Ikeda Hayato.[74]
Rival Congolese leaders Joseph Kasavubu and Patrice Lumumba agreed to share power, with Kasavubu to become the former Belgian colony's first President, and Lumumba to become the nation's first Prime Minister.[75]
Romulo Betancourt, the President of Venezuela, was injured in an assassination attempt that was later traced back to Dominican Republic dictator Rafael Trujillo. As the presidential limousine drove through Caracas on Avenida de los Proceres, a bomb concealed inside a parked 1954 Oldsmobile was detonated. A bystander, and Betancourt's aide, Ramon Armas Perez, were fatally injured.[77]
All 54 people on board a Brazilian airliner, operated by REAL Transportes Aéreos were killed when the Convair CV-340 plane plunged into the sea while making its approach to Rio de Janeiro after a flight from Belo Horizonte.[78]
The Romance of Helen Trent, which had been a daytime soap opera on the CBS Radio Network since its debut on October 30, 1933, was broadcast for the 7,222nd and last time, ending a run of almost 27 years.[79]
The first talks between the government of France and the leadership of the Algerian rebel group, the FLN, took place in the Parisian suburb of Melun.[81]
The Havana Sugar Kings played their last baseball game in Cuba, defeating the visiting Rochester Red Wings, 6–5, in the predominantly American International League. After the IL's All-Star break, the Havana team played at Buffalo and Richmond, and then transferred to Jersey City, New Jersey, before their game in Miami.[82]
As a complement to the Mercury spacecraft reliability program, a decision was made that one production spacecraft would be withdrawn from the operational program for extensive testing. The test environment would involve vacuum, heat, and vibration conditions. This test series was later designated "Project Orbit."[6]
Best Seller premiered on the CBS Radio Network. It was the last daytime radio soap opera, and was cancelled, along with all others, on November 25.[87]
Disarmament discussions in Paris came to an end when the Soviet Union and its allies withdrew from further talks. Talking resumed in March 1962.[88]
Jamaican and British soldiers and policemen arrested 100 members of the First Africa Corps, a Rastafarian group, ending its influence in Jamaica.[89]
At 12:01 a.m. (0101 GMT), the Belgian Congo was proclaimed independent by King Baudouin of Belgium. The new Congolese Prime Minister, Patrice Lumumba, then delivered an angry speech about colonial rule.[96] Two days later, the first rioting began, followed by an army mutiny and civil war.[97][98]
Lionel Bart's musical, Oliver!, based on the 1838 Charles Dickens novel Oliver Twist, was presented for the first time. The debut on London's West End was joined by a Broadway production on January 6, 1963.[99]
^Ristori, Al (2008). The Complete Book of Surf Fishing. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 24.
^Pegg, Bruce (2005). Brown Eyed Handsome Man: The Life and Hard Times of Chuck Berry. Routledge. p. 146.
^ abcdef This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M. "PART II (B) Research and Development Phase of Project Mercury January 1960 through May 5, 1961". Project Mercury - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4001. NASA. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
^Gulick, Lewis (June 3, 1960). "Diefenbaker, Ike Confer On Cold War; Canadian Premier Makes Brief Visit". Eugene Register-Guard. Eugene, Oregon. AP. p. 2A. Retrieved May 12, 2015 – via Google News.
^Davis Dyer, TRW: Pioneering Technology and Innovation Since 1900 (Harvard Business School Press, 1998), p231
^Victor T. Le Vine, Politics in Francophone Africa (Lynne Rienner 2004), p72
^"Man remanded on suspicion of infamous unsolved triple murder from 1960" Archived 2008-12-10 at the Wayback Machine, Helsingen Sanomat, April 5, 2004
^"Court finds Gustafsson not guilty of 1960 Bodom Lake triple murder", Sanomat, October 7, 2005
^Serena, Katie (2019-01-09). "The Lake Bodom Murders: Finland's Most Famous Unsolved Triple Homicide". Retrieved 2020-07-28.
^Milton Osborne, Sihanouk: Prince of Light, Prince of Darkness (University of Hawaii Press, 1994) p119
^"Smoking is Linked to Heart Disease", New York Times, June 7, 1960, p36
^Edward Lawson, Encyclopedia of Human Rights (Taylor & Francis, 1996), pp1401–1402
^"Pacheco Dies of Fight Injuries", New York Times, June 10, 1960, p27
^"Brabham Scores in Grand Prix", The Age (Melbourne, Australia), June 8, 1960, p23
^Harris B. Shumacker, The Evolution of Cardiac Surgery (Indiana University Press, 1992), p186
^Allison J. Waldman, The Barbra Streisand Scrapbook (Citadel Press, 2001), p25
^Geoff Nicholson (1991). Big Noises: Rock Guitar in the 1990s. Quartet. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-7043-0145-0.
^John Arthur Garraty; Mark Christopher Carnes; American Council of Learned Societies (1999). American national biography. Oxford University Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-19-512782-9.
^"A-Tipped Bomarc In Fire". Milwaukee Sentinel. June 8, 1960. p. 1 – via Google News.
^Berhow, Mark A. (2005). US Strategic and Defensive Missile Systems 1945-90. Osprey. pp. 28–29.
^"Reagan Quits Post". The New York Times. June 8, 1960. p. 46.
^M.S. Gill, Trials That Changed History: From Socrates to Saddam Hussein (Sarup & Sons, 2007), pp218–219; "Looking and Listening ...", The Crisis, (June–July 1962), pp335–336
^F. Laurie Barron, Walking in Indian Moccasins: The Native Policies of Tommy Douglas and the CCF (University of British Columbia Press, 1997), p135
^Price, Christopher (2007). The Blueprint: How the New England Patriots Beat the System to Create the Last Great NFL Superpower. Thomas Dunne Books. p. 26.
^"Ike Won't Call Off Trip After Hagerty Mobbing", Oakland Tribune, June 10, 1960, p1
^John W. Freeman, The Metropolitan Opera: Stories of the Great Operas, Vol. 2 (W.W. Norton, 1984), p57
^"30 Killed at Party", The Independent (Long Beach, CA), June 13, 1960, p2
^Brown, Chip (July 30, 1995). "The Experiments of Dr. Oz". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
^"Lebanon: The First Secret Ballot", TIME Magazine, June 27, 1960; "Ex-president Is Winner in Lebanon", Spokane Spokesman-Review, June 13, 1960, p1
^HIJMS Submarine I-18: Tabular Record of Movement, by Bob Hackett and Sander Kingsepp
^Miki Y. Ishikida, Toward Peace: War Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Japan (iUniverse, 2005), p91
^Patricia Barnes-Svarney and Thomas E. Svarney, Skies of Fury: Weather Weirdness Around the World, pp111-112 (Simon & Schuster, 1999)
^"Midnight Heat Wave, Winds Hit Resort Area", Corpus Christi Times, June 15, 1960, p1
^Kathleen Sharp, Mr. & Mrs. Hollywood: Edie and Lew Wasserman and Their Entertainment Empire (Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2003), p86
^"BC Ferries website". Archived from the original on 2008-12-03. Retrieved 2009-12-16.
^John R. Vile, Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments, Proposed Amendments, and Amending Issues: 1789–2002 (ABC-CLIO 2003), pp480–481
^"Mueda massacre", in Gwyneth Williams and Brian Hackland, The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of Southern Africa (Routledge, 1988), p164
^Robert E. Kapsis, Hitchcock: The Making of a Reputation (University of Chicago Press, 1992) p59; "Hitchcock's 'Psycho' Bows at 2 Houses", New York Times, June 17, 1960, p37
^"Fenway '500' club a history maker", by Michael Silverrman, SouthCoastToday.com, June 18, 2009
^Middle East Record 1960. London: published for the Israel Oriental Society, the Reuven Shiloah Research Center. pp. 252-253
^"USFL v. NFL: The Challenge Beyond the Courtroom", by Boris Kogan
^Kurt F. Stone, The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members (Scarecrow Press, 2011) p. 564
^Sokol, Zach (July 16, 2015). "The Strange, Sad Story of the Man Named Mr. Hands Who Died from Having Sex with a Horse". Vice. Archived from the original on February 8, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
^Brimer, Leon (2011). Chemical food safety. Wallingford, Oxfordshire Cambridge, MA: CABI. p. 139. ISBN 9781845936761.
^Mikiso Hane, Eastern Phoenix: Japan Since 1945 (Westview Press, 1996), p47
^Eşref Aksu, The United Nations, intra-state peacekeeping and normative change (Manchester University Press, 2003), p101
^Andrea Tone, Devices and Desires: A History of Contraceptives in America (Hill & Wang 2002), 234
^Judith Ewell, Venezuela: A Century of Change (Stanford University Press, 1984), pp144–145; "Venezuela: Brush with Death", TIME Magazine, July 4, 1960