Kanailal Dutta was born in Chandan Nagar, West Bengal in a weaver caste ( Tanti) family.^[4] His father, Chunilal Dutta, was an accountant in Bombay.^{[citation needed]} Kanailal's early school life was started in Girgaon Aryan Education Society School, Bombay and later he came back to Chandannagar and took admission in Duplex College in Chandannagar. In 1908, he appeared BA exam from Hooghly Mohsin College, which was affiliated with the University of Calcutta.^{[citation needed]}

During his early college days, Dutta met with Charu Chandra Roy, who inspired him to join the revolutionary movement during the agitations against the Partition of Bengal.^{[citation needed]} During the 1905 movement against the partition, Dutta was in the forefront from the Chandannagar group. He also developed a close connection with the Gondolpara revolutionary group, led by Shrish Chandra Ghosh.^[5] In 1908, Dutta moved to Kolkata and joined the Kolkata based revolutionary group Jugantar.^{[citation needed]}

Kingsford assassination attempt

Just two days after the Muzaffarpur bomb attack on 30 April 1908, aimed at killing Magistrate Douglas Kingsford, the police raided and arrested a number of revolutionaries in Bengal on 2 May 1908. 33 revolutionaries were charged with waging war against the government.^[6] Kanailal Dutta was one of these men, who was also arrested on 2 May 1908 and detained in Alipore Jail.^{[citation needed]}

Alipore Bomb Case edit

Police raided premises at 32 Murari Pukur Road in Kolkata on 2 May 1908 and a bomb-factory was discovered as was a cache of arms, a large quantity of ammunition, bombs, detonators and other tools.^{[citation needed]} They also confiscated revolutionary literature. The raids were being conducted at various places throughout Bengal and Bihar, and more detention was on the move. Aurobindo Ghosh, Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Ullaskar Dutta, Indu Bhusan Roy and many others were arrested. During this time one detainee, Narendranath Goswami (aka Norendra Nath Gossain), became an approver of the British, and started revealing names of many persons to the police, leading to further arrests.^[7]

Goswami was a resident of Srirampur near Chandernagore. He knew all the plans and activities of the revolutionaries.^{[citation needed]} Appearing in the witness box he started implicating many of his former colleagues by mentioning their names. Barin Ghosh, Shanti Ghosh and Ullaskar Dutta's names were mentioned in attempting to blow up the governor's train at Chandernagore station in 1908; referring to the bomb outrage in the Mayor's house he mentioned the name of Charu Chandra Roy, being the leader of the revolutionary outfit of Chandernagore;^[8] and on 24 June he mentioned the names of Aurobindo Ghosh and Subodh Chandra Mallik linking tehm to revolutionary activities.^[9]

A conspiracy hatched

The under-trial prisoners under the leadership of Barin Ghosh hatched a plan to escape from the Alipur Central Jail, and also to get rid of Goswami. B.C. Roy, Barrister-at-law, defending the prisoners, offered help with men and arms.^[8] Barin wrote letters from jail to Sudhangshu Jiban Rai, Preo Shankar Rai and Basanta Banerjee of Chandernagore to meet B. C. Roy for arrangements of arms. He also wrote to Shrish Chandra Ghosh to send acid for the purpose of throwing at jail wardens and wax to copy keys.^[10] On Sunday, 23 August, one revolver was smuggled into the jail by Shudhangshu Jiban Rai. The next day Barin asked Hem Das to give it to Satyendranath Bosu with instructions to kill Goswami. At that time Satyendranath was admitted into the jail hospital.^{[citation needed]} He expressed his inability to use such a big revolver, and returned it. On Sunday, 30 August, another samller revolver reached Barin though Shrish. Kanailal took it, and subsequently got admitted to the jail hospital.^[5]

Murder of Narendranath Goswami

It was time for retribution for the traitor inside Presidency Jail.^[2] Narendranath, intentionally kept separated from the other prisoners, was confined in the European Ward in Alipore Central Jail. On 31 August 1908, Narerdranath was brought from that ward to the jail hospital. Narendranath had apparently previously arranged to meet, at that time, in the hospital, two fellow prisoners, who were already patients in the hospital, named Dutta and Satyendranath Bose . Kanailal and Satyendra managed to acquire two revolvers secretly. Shrish Chandra Ghosh of Chandernagore smuggled the revolvers into the jail, assisted by Motilal Roy.^[11] Narendranath had apparently been approached by the second of these prisoners, who had pretended that he also wished to make a statement; and his visit was really in order to get this statement. Evidently it was however part of a plot to get Narendranath within striking distance for it appears that almost immediately on Narendranath's arrival on the landing, at the head of the staircase leading to the second story of the hospital, these two prisoners opened fire on him with the two revolvers. A convict overseer attempted to arrest one of them and was shot through the wrist. Narendranath although shot in several places was not mortally hit and fled down the stairs, out of the hospital compound and along an alley way towards the gate. Dutta pursued Narendranath and shot him fatally through the back. He was then secured by a Eurasian prisoner named Linton. (Excerpts from a letter No 1876-C dated 31 August 1908, addressed to The Chief Secretary to the Government of Bengal, Calcutta from Commissioner of Police, Calcutta.^[12]

Nine shots fired

Excerpts from the Magistrate's commitment order in the case of murder of Narendranath Goswami (spellings unchanged):

"The two revolvers were brought into the office and examined and the smaller one (Exhibit I) was found to have in the chambers four discharged cartridges while the larger (Exhibit II) had five discharged cartridges and one loaded cartridge. Thus we may assume that in all nine shots were fired. Four bullets were found — two inside the dispensary, one just outside the dispensary, and one was extracted from the dead body of Norendra. From the medical evidence it appears that this was the bullet which caused Norendra’s death. It entered fairly high up in the back and severed the spinal cord and almost completely penetrated the breast in front but spent its force before doing so and lay imbedded under the skin of the breast. Exhibit VII is this bullet (contained in a glass bottle sealed by Captain Daley). An examination of this bullet shows that it was fired from the larger of the two revolvers (Exhibit II). The evidence of Linton shows that the revolver was the one used by Kanai Lall Dutt. Thus the fatal shot was fired by Kanai Lall Dutt."^[12]

Murder of Narendranath Goswami was a daring act unparalleled in the history of revolutionary activities. On 5 September 1908 the news paper Indu Prakash made the following observation:

"The Bengal anarchists were perhaps the most romantic lot in the whole anarchist world, and in point of bravery, daredevilry and cunning they were no doubt far ahead of Russian and Spanish desperadoes - quick in action, quick in revenge and smart in getting rid of any approver."^[5]

On 21 October 1908, the High Court pronounced its judgment by giving sentence of death to both the accused. Kanailal declined to file an appeal against such order. Kanailal offered no defense and was averse to an appeal. Sir Prafulla Chandra Roy on a later date commented that Kanailal taught the Bengalees the proper use of "shall" and "will", pointing to his sense of English grammar. When the question of an appeal came up, Kanailal simply said, 'There shall be no appeal'. It was the use of "shall" in the imperative.^[13]

Kanailal's statement to the District Magistrate about his motive for assassinating Naren was touchingly direct and simple:

"I wish to state that I did kill him. I do not wish to give any statement why I killed him. Wait, I do wish to give a reason. It was because he was a traitor to his country."

The sentence was carried on 10 November 1908, and Kanailal was hanged till death in the Alipore Jail at about seven in the morning.^[11]

In the trial of Satyendranath, the Sessions Judge, disagreeing with the majority verdict of the jury, referred the case to the High Court and there Satyendranath was convicted and sentenced to death. He was hanged on 21 November 1908.^[14]

An account of a Jail Warden: Charu Chandra Roy recalled the account of a British jail warden, who, on 9 November 1908, a day before the day of hanging, saw Kanailal smiling, and said, "You are smiling now, but tomorrow morning all the smiles will disappear from your lips." The next day when Kanailal was brought to the gallows he saw the warden, and asked him smilingly, "How do you find me now?" The warden had no answer. Later, the warden told Charu Chandra Roy, "I am the sinner who has executed Kanailal. If you have a hundred men like him, your aim will be fulfilled."^[5]

About fifteen years after the death of Kanailal, Motilal Roy published a memorial booklet on Kanailal Dutta in Bengali from Chandarnagore town, which was under French occupation that time and beyond British jurisdiction. It was immediately banned by the British under Sea Customs Act of 1878 which prohibited any "objectionable materials" from being transported into British territories. In that book Motilal recalled the sight of Kanilal's body on the funeral pyre:

"As soon as the blanket was carefully removed, what did we see - language is wanting to describe the lovely beauty of the ascetic Kanai - his long hair fell in a mass on his broad forehead, the half-closed eyes were still drowsy as though from a test of nectar, the living lines of resolution were manifest in the firmly closed lips, the hands reaching to the knees were closed in fists. It was wonderful! Nowhere on Kanai's limbs did we find any ugly wrinkle showing the pain of death.."^[15]

On the day of cremation of Kanailal in the Kalighat burning ghat, his body was handed over to his family for cremation. A huge crowd gathered and all were pushing each other to touch the bier. The body was decked with flowers. Men, women and children followed the procession in large numbers, shouting Jai Kanai occasionally.^{[citation needed]} He gloried in the deed he had committed and went to his execution without flinching.^[5] While fleeing from Muzaffarpur, on 2 May 1908, Prafulla Chaki was cornered at Mokama Ghat railway station and was about to get arrested when he killed himself by firing two shots one at the forehead and the other on the left side of his chest at the head.^[16] Khudiram Bose was the first martyr in the history of revolutionary movement for Indian independence. Kanailal Dutta was the second, and Satyendranath Bose was the third. The execution of these men in 1908 aroused great commotion in public life. The witness accounts of the final moments before martyrdom and accounts of their sacrifices became canonical.^[17]

•   Media related to Kanailal Dutta at Wikimedia Commons
• Kanailal's picture at museum collection of Institut de Chandernagor