Sodomy laws were enacted during the time of the creation of the Idaho Territory in the mid-19th century. Settlement by a large number of European-American immigrants introduced Christianity to the region, resulting in negative attitudes towards homosexuality. Prior to this, several Native American tribes inhabited the area. These people groups had perceptions of gender and sexuality different from that of the Western world. For instance, the Kootenai people recognize individuals who act, behave and perform tasks typically associated with the opposite gender. The kupatke'tek are male-bodied individuals who act as women, while the titqattek are female-bodied individuals who act as men and would become skilled hunters and warriors. In stories, they were regarded as supernatural beings, being able to see into the future and cure illnesses.^[3] Similarly, the Coeur d'Alene people recognize the term st'amia, which refers to female-bodied individuals who live as men. There were no known legal or social punishments for engaging in homosexual activity among these tribes.

The Idaho Territory enacted a sodomy statute in 1864, punishing anal intercourse, whether heterosexual or homosexual, with five years' to life imprisonment. It was extended to include fellatio (oral sex) in 1916 in State v. Altwatter. In 1925, the state passed a sterilization law, providing for the possible forced vasectomy or salpingectomy of "habitual criminals, moral degenerates and sexual perverts". The legislation was repealed in 1972, having only been used on the "mentally retarded". The sodomy statute criminalized consensual acts as well, a point noted in numerous court cases including State v. Moore and State v. Wilson (both decided in 1956), in which two men were independently imprisoned for consensual same-sex sexual activity.^[4]

Homosexuality entered increasingly more into the public eye from the 1950s onwards, especially after the Boise homosexuality scandal, at which time it was commonly regarded as a mental illness. In 1971, Idaho passed a law repealing the sodomy statute, to take effect on January 1, 1972, but following opposition by Catholic and Mormon groups, the state overturned the new law and reinstated the original law on April 1, 1972. Starting in the late 20th century and into the 21st century, acceptance and tolerance of LGBT people grew significantly. Consensual sodomy would remain illegal in Idaho for married heterosexual couples until 1995 (State v. Holden) and for same-sex couples and unmarried heterosexual couples until 2003 (Lawrence v. Texas).^[4]

The U.S. Supreme Court's 2003 decision in Lawrence v. Texas rendered laws banning consensual sexual activity unenforceable, including Idaho's.^[5]

In September 2020, an Idaho man, who was forced to register as a sex offender after having had consensual oral sex with his wife 20 years prior in another state, filed suit against the state.^[6][7]

In April 2021 a Montana man appealed a sex offender registration requirement for violating Idaho's crimes against nature law in 1993 with two 16-year-old males when he was 18 at Pratt ranch in Gem County, he had served a lengthy 7-year prison term in Idaho before having to register as a sex offender for the consensual sex with the two males.^[8] Heterosexual sex between a 16 year old and an 18 year old is legal in Idaho as long as it does not violate the crime against nature statute which bans same sex activity generally.^[9]

In March 2022, the Idaho Legislature passed a bill to formally repeal the "reinstalled" 1972 sodomy law from the Idaho code. The Governor of Idaho signed the bill into law - effective from July 1.^[10][11]

Idaho voters adopted a constitutional amendment in November 2006 stating that "A marriage between a man and a woman is the only domestic legal union that shall be valid or recognized in this state."^[12] Similar restrictions had been incorporated in the state's statutes in the 1990s.^[13] A ruling in the case of Latta v. Otter on May 13, 2014, found these prohibitions unconstitutional. Enforcement of the ruling in that case had been stayed while the case was appealed to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.^[14]

On October 7, 2014, the Ninth Circuit upheld the district court ruling that found the state's denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples unconstitutional.^[15] State officials failed to receive a stay from the U.S. Supreme Court while they pursued further appeals, and Idaho Governor Butch Otter announced the state would no longer attempt to preserve its denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples.^[16] On October 15, 2014, approximately 100 same-sex couples obtained marriage licenses at the Ada County clerk's offices.^[17]

Idaho permits adoption by "any adult person". There are no explicit prohibitions on adoption by same-sex couples or on second-parent adoptions. On February 11, 2014, the Idaho Supreme Court unanimously overturned a lower court ruling and held that an adoptive parent need not be married. It returned to the lower court the adoption petition of an Idaho woman who had married another woman in California and sought to adopt her wife's two teenage sons.^[18]

Lesbian couples can access assisted reproduction services, such as in vitro fertilization. State law recognizes the non-genetic, non-gestational mother as a legal parent to a child born via donor insemination, but only if the parents are married.^[19]

Idaho law does not regulate the practice of surrogacy. State courts have generally been favorable to couples, same-sex or opposite-sex, who have used the gestational or traditional surrogacy process.^[20]

Local laws edit

The following Idaho counties and cities have ordinances prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity (representing about 40% of the state population):^[21] Ada County,^[22][23] Bellevue,^[24] Boise,^[25] Coeur d'Alene,^[25] Driggs,^[26] Hailey,^[27] Idaho Falls,^[28][29] Ketchum,^[25] Lewiston,^[30][31] Meridian,^[32][33] Moscow,^[34] Pocatello,^[35] Sandpoint,^[25] and Victor.^[36] The city of Twin Falls has an ordinance prohibiting city employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation only.^[30] Latah County bans discrimination against county employees on account of their sexual orientation and gender identity.

On May 20, 2014, the voters of Pocatello, by a 50.41% to 49.59% vote, rejected Proposition 1, an initiative that would have repealed the city's ordinance that prohibits discrimination with regard to housing, employment and public accommodations based on a person's sexual orientation or gender identity and gender expression.^[37]

State laws edit

No provision of Idaho law explicitly addresses discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity.^[38]

On November 8, 1994, the voters of Idaho, by a 50.38% to 49.62% vote, rejected Initiative 1, an initiative that would have forbid state and local governments from granting minority status and rights based on homosexual behavior.^[39]

On February 10, 2012, the Senate State Affairs Committee, by a 7–2 vote, rejected a bill that would have banned discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity in jobs, housing, educational opportunities and public accommodations.^[40]

In April 2014, a series of protests collectively known as Add The Words, Idaho resulted in numerous arrests.^[41][42]

In 2015, a bill to add sexual orientation and gender identity nondiscrimination language made some progress, after having been denied a hearing in each of the preceding nine years. On January 15, 2015, the House Ways and Means Committee voted 6–1 to hold a hearing,^[43] but on January 29, the House State Affairs Committee voted 13–4 against the bill.^[44]

In January 2021, a similar nondiscrimination bill was again introduced to the Idaho Legislature.^[45]

Bostock v. Clayton County edit

On June 15, 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Bostock v. Clayton County, consolidated with Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda, and in R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission that discrimination in the workplace on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity is discrimination on the basis of sex, and Title VII therefore protects LGBT employees from discrimination.^[46][47][48]

Idaho law does not address hate crimes based on gender identity or sexual orientation.^[49] However, since the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act was signed into law in October 2009, U.S. federal law has addressed crimes motivated by the victim's actual or perceived sexual orientation or gender identity. Hate crimes against LGBT people can be prosecuted in federal court.^[50]

In April 2024, the US Supreme Court upheld the ban on puberty blockers, gender-affirming healthcare and sexual reassignment surgery on children and minors (that overturned a lower court decision) - the Idaho law was passed, signed and implemented back in 2020.^[51]

Banning student pronouns within schools and classrooms edit

In April 2024, the Governor of Idaho signed a bill into law that passed the legislature banning pronoun usage on students and pupils - by teachers and education agencies within schools and classrooms.^[52]

2024 bills edit

In February 2024, a bill passed the Idaho House of Representatives to "exclusively recognise male and female, not others" - throughout the Idaho Code only. The bill is pending within the Idaho Senate.^[53]

Identity documents edit

From April 6, 2018, onwards, transgender people in Idaho were allowed to change their birth certificate to accurately reflect their gender identity. The ruling was labelled "a huge win" by transgender activists, who in 2017 had filed a lawsuit challenging the state law. While arguing that transgender people "already face disproportionately high levels of discrimination", the judge asserted that such discrepancies "can create risks to the health and safety of transgender people" and that said discrepancies were "archaic, unjust and discriminatory".^[54][19] On March 30, 2020, Governor Brad Little, attempting to overturn the court ruling, signed legislation (HB 509) barring transgender individuals from changing the sex marker on their birth certificate and prohibiting transgender athletes from competing in sports teams in public school and university settings.^[55]

The law went into preliminary effect on July 1, 2020, but arguments against it were heard in court on July 22, 2020.^[56] On August 7, 2020, before it took permanent effect, District Court Judge David C. Nye said it was moot and unenforceable. The state planned to appeal.^[57] In June 2022, the court awarded attorneys' fees to the winning side,^[58] and in August 2022, the Idaho Board of Examiners approved the amount of $321,000. It will be paid with taxpayer funds to the civil rights group Lambda Legal.^[59]

Since March 2019, Idaho allows for a third gender option (known as "X") on driver's licenses and state ID cards.^[60][61] The outcome of the August 7, 2020 ruling is that anyone applying to change gender markers on driver's licenses and state IDs must submit to the Idaho Department of Transportation a letter from a physician certifying that sex reassignment surgery has been performed.^[62][63]

In November 2019, the Idaho Board of Health and Welfare abolished a rule that required a doctor's approval for a gender change for transgender minors but retained parental permission, the minor being emancipated, or a court order.^[64]

Gender-affirming care edit

On April 4, 2023, Governor Brad Little signed HB 71,^[65] banning puberty blockers, hormones and surgeries for minors and making it a felony for any doctor to help a child seek gender-affirming care.^[66][67] The previous month had also seen legislation governing pronouns in schools and bathroom use in all public places.^[68][69][70]

Previously, in March 2022, HB 675 had passed the Idaho House of Representatives. The bill would have made it a felony to provide gender-affirming medical care to transgender youth, and parents who brought their children out-of-state to receive it would have faced life in prison. The Idaho Senate blocked the bill, citing parents rights' and government overreach.^{[71][72][73][74][75][76]}

Recent opinion polls have shown that support for LGBT people across the U.S. state of Idaho is increasing and opposition is decreasing.

A 2017 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) opinion poll found that 56% of Idaho residents supported same-sex marriage, while 32% opposed it and 13% were unsure.^[2]The same poll found that 68% of Idahoans supported an anti-discrimination law covering sexual orientation and gender identity. 24% were opposed.^[77] Furthermore, 51% were against allowing public businesses to refuse to serve LGBT people due to religious beliefs, while 40% supported allowing such religiously based refusals.^[78]

A 2022 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) poll found that 64% of Idaho residents supported same-sex marriage, while 36% opposed. Additionally, 80% of Idaho residents supported discrimination protections covering sexual orientation and gender identity. 19% were opposed. ^[79]

• LGBT rights in the United States
• Politics and LGBT in the US
• LGBT rights by country or territory