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Legend of Cheraman Perumals

Summary

The legend of Cheraman Perumals is the medieval tradition associated with the Cheraman Perumals (Chera kings) of Kerala.[1] The sources of the legend include popular oral traditions and later literary compositions.[1] The time of origin of the legend is not known to scholars.[1] It seems the legend once had a common source well known to all Kerala people.[2]

The historic Cheraman Perumal dynasty,[3] also known as the Perumal dynasty of Kerala,[3] or Chera Perumals of Makotai,[4] (fl. c. 844 CE–1124 CE) were a ruling dynasty in present-day Kerala, South India.[5] Mahodayapuram, or Makotai, the seat of the Cheraman Perumals, is identified with present-day Kodungallur in central Kerala.[6][7][8] Initially, their influence appeared limited to the area between present-day Quilon and Quilandy, but later extended to up to Chandragiri river in north Kerala and to Nagercoil in the south.

The validity of the legend as a source of history once generated much debate among south Indian historians. The legend is now considered as "an expression of the historical consciousness rather than as a source of history".[9] The legend of the Cheraman Perumals exercised significant political influence in Kerala over the centuries. The legend was used by Kerala chiefdoms for the legitimation of their rule (most of the major chiefly houses in medieval Kerala traced its origin back to the legendary allocation by the Perumal).[10][11]

Popular written versions of the legend are infamous for inconsistencies and contradictions (in names of the kings and dates).[1] Even the dates of their compositions are problematic.[12] The Cheraman Perumals mentioned in the legend can be identified with the Chera Perumal rulers of medieval Kerala (c. 8th - 12th century AD).[13]

The ghost of the [Cheraman] Perumal haunted the land [of Kerala] in many ways...Each of the large number of principalities that came into existence on the ruins of the Chera[/Perumal] kingdom claimed to be not only a splinter of the old kingdom but also deriving its authority from the donation of the last Cheraman Perumal...Many of these rulers also claimed to step into the shoes of the Perumal in claiming to be the overlord of Kerala. Thus the ruler of Venad or the Zamorin or the raja of Cochin staked this claim in various ways...

— Veluthat Kesavan (historian), History and Historiography in Constituting a Region: The Case of Kerala (2018)

Sources of the legend edit

Different written versions of the legend can be found in several literary sources.[1] Most versions contain interpolations and omissions in favour of some special interests and communities (religions and castes).[2]

  • Keralolpatti chronicle[1][12]
  • Duarte Barbosa (1510)[1]
  • Joas de Barros (16th century)[1]
  • Diogo de Coute (1610)[1]
  • Lusiad[1]
  • Sheik Zeinuddin (c. 1583)[1]
  • Canter Visscher (c. 1723)[1]
  • Van Adriaan Moens (1781)[1]
  • H. H. Wilson, Mackenzie Collection
  • Jonathan Duncan (1798)
  • Francis Buchanan[1] (1807)
  • William Logan (1898)
  • G. A. Kohut (1897)
  • C. A. Innes (1908)
  • E. Thurston (1909)
  • Calicut Granthavari[1]
  • Cochin Granthavari[1]
  • S. N. Sadasivan (2000)[14]

Major themes edit

The Cheraman Perumals were the kings of Kerala/Chera kingdom.[1] The first Cheraman Perumal was "brought" from a country east of the Ghats to Kerala by Nambudiri Brahmins (four select Brahmin settlements were empowered to choose a khastriya king).[2] Sister of the first Cheraman Perumal was married to Brahmin and it was decided that the son/daughter would be a Kshatriya (and the successor to the throne).[12] The Brahmins arranged that each Perumal should rule for twelve years.[15][16]

Cheraman Perumals edit

The Cheraman Perumals of the legend are generally associated with the establishment the Kollam Era (Malayalam Era), inauguration of the Onam Festival, introduction of the matrilineal system of inheritance in Kerala, settlement of different castes in Kerala, and foundation several temples, churches and mosques in Kerala.[1]

The following is a list of Cheraman Perumals found in the tradition.[17] According to K. V. Krishna Ayyar, the list[17] goes as follows:

Cheraman Perumal Original home of the Perumal Date (AD) Residence
Keya/Kerala Perumal[16] Keya/Keralapuram[16] 216-225 Kodungallur
Choya/Chola Perumal[16] Choya/Chola Mandalam[16] 225-236 Kodungallur
Pandi Perumal[18] Pandi Mandalam[18] 236-245 Kodungallur
Bhutarayar Pandi Perumal[18] N/A 245-257 Kodungallur
Keralan[18] Choya Mandalam[18] 257-269 Trikkata Matilaka[18]
Pandyan or Chennar[18] Pandya country[18] 269-281 N/A
Choyiyan[18] Choya country[18] 281-293 N/A
Bana Perumal[19] Banapuram[19] 293-297 Kodungallur
Tulubhan Perumal[20] Northern country[20] 297-303 Kotiswaram[20]
Indra Perumal[20] N/A 303-315 Kodungallur
Arya Perumal[20] Aryapuram[20] 315-327 N/A
Kannan Perumal[21] Eastern country[21] 327-339 Kuntivaka[21]
Kotti Perumal[21] N/A 339-340 Kottikkollam[21]
Mata Perumal[21] 340-352 N/A
Eli Perumal[21] 352-364 Matayiel
Komban Perumal[21] 364-368 N/A
Vijayan Perumal[21] 368-80 Vijayankollam
Valabhan Perumal[21] 380-391 Valarbhattukotta
Harischandra Perumal[21] 391-403 Purali
Mallan Perumal[21] 403-412 Nallurmallan
Kulasekhara Perumal[21] 412-430 N/A

Corrected by M. G. S. Narayanan (1972) from E. P. N. Kunjan Pillai (1963),[22][23] taking recent corrections (2014 and 2020) on Narayanan into account,[24][25] the list is as follows:

Lists of Chera Perumals
Chera Perumal Regnal years (tentative)

[24][25]

Notes
Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara 844–870[24]
Rama Rajasekhara 870–883[24]
Vijayaraga 883–895[24]
  • Married the daughter of king Kulasekhara.[30]
  • Married off his two daughters to Chola king Parantaka.[31][32]
Goda Goda 895—905[24][33]
Kerala Kesari
  • Probably identical with king Goda Goda (above)[33]
Goda Ravi 905–943[24][33]
Indu/Indesvaran Goda 943–962[34]
Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya 962–1021[25][35]

(or)

959–1025[24]

Ravi Goda[36] 1021—1089[37][38][36]
Rajasimha[36][a]
  • Contemporary to Chola king Rajendra[36]
  • Contemporary to Chola viceroy Jatavarman Sundara Chola-Pandya[36]
  • Probably identical with king Ravi Goda (above)[36]
Raja Raja[38]
  • Contemporary to Chola viceroy Jatavarman Sundara Chola-Pandya.[38]
  • Contemporary to Chola viceroy Maravarman Chola-Pandya.[38]
Ravi Rama[37]
Adityan Kota Ranaditya[37]
Rama Kulasekhara 1089—1122[41]

The last Cheraman Perumal edit

Rayar, the overlord of the Cheraman Perumal (Kulasekharan) in a country east of the Ghats, invaded Kerala during the rule of the last Perumal.[clarification needed] To drive back the invading forces the Perumal summoned the militia of his chieftains (like Udaya Varman Kolathiri and Manichchan and Vikkiran of Eranad). The Cheraman Perumal was assured by the Eradis that they would take a fort established by the Rayar.[15] The battle lasted for three days and the Rayar eventually evacuated his fort (and it was seized by the Perumal's troops).[15]

The last Cheraman Perumal divided the Kerala or Chera kingdom among his chieftains (kingsfolk) and disappeared mysteriously. The Kerala people never more heard any tidings of him.[1][10][11] The Eradis, or the later kings of Calicut, who were left out in the cold during the allocation of the land, was granted the Cheraman Perumal's sword (with the permission to "die, and kill, and seize").[11][15]

The story of Thajuddin edit

According to the Cheraman Juma Mosque:[14][43][44] "Once, the Tamil King Cheraman Perumal, possibly named Baskara Ravi Varma,[45] was walking with one of his favored queens for a late-night stroll in the palace garden where he lived with her.[44] It was during this stroll that he witnessed the splitting of the moon. However, no one else in the palace or the rest of the Indian subcontinent saw this event. Shocked by the splitting of the full moon, which occurred many years before Muslims' migration to Medina, Cheraman hurried back to the capital of the Chera Kingdom. He wanted to consult his chain of Hindu astronomers, known as Siddhars, to determine the exact time of this lunar phenomenon. According to the Hindu mathematical system, the astronomers should have been able to forecast the lunar eclipse. Nevertheless, the precise astronomical date and time of this event remain uncertain. Therefore, when some Arab merchants from the Banu Quraysh tribe visited Cheraman's palace for unknown reasons, he took the opportunity to inquire about this incident that should have occurred in the Eastern sky. The Hindu astronomers should have been able to calculate the exact time and coordinates of this astronomical event. At their request, the King embarked on a pilgrimage to pray at the temple of the Arabian Moon-god Hubal and the Shrine of Quraysh idols in Mecca. During his visit to the Kaaba, Cheraman had the opportunity to meet the Islamic prophet Muhammad and gifted ginger pickles for Muhammad and his companions. He conversed with Muhammad in Arabic, and it was during this encounter that Bilal, a companion of Muhammad, guided Cheraman to convert to Islam. As a result, Muhammad bestowed upon him the name Tajuddin, Thajuddin, or Thiya-aj-Addan, which means "crown of faith" thus, becoming the first Indian Muslim".[14][43][46][47][48] The king then remained in the services of Muslims. Nearly 120 years later his letters arrived to his kingdom in Kerala. Subsequently, in the year 748 CE, Malik Deenar embarked upon the mission of propagating Islam, and over time, the Hindu kingdom in Kerala began to gradually embrace the teachings and principles advocated by Malik bin Deenar.[43][49][50][51] Al-Tabari of the 9th century in his Firdousul Hikma and Ferishta in his Tarikh Ferishta agree with this.[52][53]

This story is found in Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen, a Muslim account recorded by Sheikh Zeinuddin, it states that this incident happened two centuries later after the time of Muhammad.[54][55] The story has been retold countless times by the Portuguese, Dutch; the court chronicles of Calicut and Cochin begin with this narrative.[56]

João de Barros (1610 CE), a Portuguese writer, gives another version of the story. According to him, the Moors were religious fanatics and converted the King to Islam. The King moved to Calicut and Moors made him believe that he has to go to Mecca. Barros mentions that the king was Sarama Perumal and reigned 612 years before we landed in India. If we take 1498 CE, the date works out to be 886 CE.[56]

Dutch chaplain Cantor Visscher also wrote this story in 1723 CE.According to an inscription found at the Masjid, it was built in 1124 CE, two years after the disappearance of Cheraman Rama Kulashekhara.

William Logan, who was a Scottish officer of the Madras Civil Service under the British Government, wrote in detail about the historical aspect of Malabar. He mentioned that a friend of him came from Arabia and stated that a Tomb of Abdul Rahman Samiri is located on the outskirts of Zaphar, in Oman and dated in Hijra 212. But all historians rejected it because there is no credible information about this tomb till date. According to the Legend of the Cheraman Perumal Mosque, the first Indian mosque was built in 508-68 AD at Kodungallur with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of Chera dynasty, who left from Dharmadom to Mecca and converted to Islam during the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad (c. 570–632).[57][58][59][60] According to Qissat Shakarwati Farmad, the Masjids at Kodungallur, Kollam, Madayi, Barkur, Mangalore, Kasaragod, Kannur, Dharmadam, Panthalayani, and Chaliyam, were built during the era of Malik Dinar, and they are among the oldest Masjids in Indian Subcontinent.[61]

The story goes that Cheraman Perumal arrived in Arabia with a gift of ginger pickles for Muhammad and his companions[62] and converted to Islam "at the feet of Prophet Muhammad".[63]

According to historian M.G.S. Narayanan, "there is no reason to reject the tradition that the last Chera king embraced Islam and went to Mecca, since it finds its place not only in Muslim chronicles, but also in Hindu brahmanical chronicles like the Keralolpatti, which need not be expected to concoct such a tale which in no way enhances the prestige of the Brahmins or Hindu population."[64][65][66]

But S. N. Sadasivan in his book A Social History of India, argues that it was the king of Maldives, Kalimanja, who converted to Islam. Mali, which was known to seafarers then, might have been misunderstood as Malabar (Kerala) and this might have given rise to the tale of Tajuddeen in the Cochin Gazetteer.[49]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Both Rajasimha and Raja Raja, from the Pandya inscriptions at Ambasamudram, were categorically identified as Chera Perumals by M. G. S. Narayanan (1972).[39] This was confirmed in a recent book edited by Kesavan Veluthat (2014).[25] The claim is disputed by Daud Ali (2007).[40]

References edit

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  2. ^ a b c Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 52-53.
  3. ^ a b Thapar, Romila, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Penguin Books, 2002. 331-32.
  4. ^ Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143-44.
  5. ^ Thapar, Romila, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Penguin Books, 2002. 326-27.
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  66. ^ താൾ:Keralolpatti The origin of Malabar 1868.djvu/30 - വിക്കിഗ്രന്ഥശാല (in Malayalam). [Wikisource]] Malayam. Retrieved 4 September 2023. കളവൂതും ചെയ്തു"ഇനി മേലിൽ ബൌദ്ധന്മാർ വന്നു വിവാദിക്കുമ്പോൾ, വാദിച്ചുകൊണ്ടാലും എന്നെ രാജാവു പറയാവു, പിന്നെ വേദാന്തിയോട് അവരെ ശിക്ഷിച്ചു കളയാവു എന്നെ"പിന്നെ വാണ പെരുമാളെക്കൊണ്ടു സമയം ചെയ്യിപ്പിച്ചു, മാർഗ്ഗം പുക്ക പെരുമാൾക്ക് വസ്തുവും തിരിച്ചു കൊടുത്തു, വേറേ ആക്കുകയും ചെയ്തു. "ബൌദ്ധശാസ്ത്രം ഞാൻ അനുസരിക്കകൊണ്ടു എനിക്ക് മറ്റൊന്നിങ്കലും നിവൃത്തി ഇല്ല എന്നു കല്പിച്ചു, അപ്പെരുമാൾ ആസ്ഥാനത്തെ മറ്റൊരുത്തരെ വാഴിച്ചു, ഇങ്ങനെ നാലു സംവത്സരം നാടു പരിപാലിച്ചു, മക്കത്തിന്നു തന്നെ പോകയും ചെയ്തു. ബൌദ്ധന്മാർ ചേരമാൻ പെരുമാള മക്കത്തിന്നത്രെ പോയി, സ്വർഗ്ഗത്തിന്നല്ല എന്നു പറയുന്നു. അതു ചേരമാൻ പെരുമാളല്ല; പള്ളിബാണപെരുമാളത്രെ; കേരളരാജാവു ചേരമാൻ പെരുമാൾ സ്വർഗ്ഗത്തിന്നത്രെ പോയതു. ശേഷം നാലു പെരുമാക്കൾ വാഴ്ച കഴിഞ്ഞ് അഞ്ചാമത് വാണ പെരുമാൾ ചേരമാൻ പെരുമാൾ. (Kalavut also did "Now when the Buddhists come and argue, even if they argue, the king will tell me, then I will punish them with Vedanti and get rid of me." "I was told that I had no fulfillment in anything else because I obeyed the philosophy. Apperumal ruled over another person in the headquarters. He took care of the country for four years and went to Makkah himself. Buddhists say Cheraman Perumala went to Mecca and not to heaven. It is not Cheraman Perumal; Pallibanaperumalatre; Kerala king Cheraman Perumal went to heaven. After the reign of four Perumas, the fifth Vana Perumal Cheraman Perumal.)

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