Deputies elected in the 2018 Brazilian state elections took office in February 2019 as part of the 19th Legislature.[4] Their terms will end in February 2023.[4] Agostinho Patrus of Brazil's Green Party is currently the Assembly president.[5]
Historyedit
Brazil's 1824 Constitution, the first since claiming independence from Portugal in 1822, began establishing governmental and legislative powers; Ouro Preto, then the capital of Minas Gerais, was chosen as the province's main administrative hub.[6] It was written to the benefit of wealthy landowners and put native Brazilians, many of them Indigenous or Black, at a disadvantage, particularly because early laws allowed for slavery.[6][7] An 1834 Amendment allowed its provinces, including Minas Gerais, to establish provincial legislation.[8][9][6] At the time of the provincial legislature's establishment, Minas Gerais had more enslaved people than any other province in Brazil.[7]
The Empire's constitution was nullified and the Republic's federalist constitution replaced it in 1891.[14] Provinces became states and, due to the decentralization of the government and increased state power, began local elections of their own political representatives and legislative bodies.[14][15][10][13] Minas Gerais' first state constitution was also established in 1891 and was used, with amendments added later, until 1989.[16] The constitution created the bicameral Minas Gerais Congress and consisted of a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate.[16] Oligarchs from São Paulo and Minas Gerais took turns as president of the Republic during this period, as they held a significant amount of power in Brazil.[17][18]
Following the Revolution of 1930, failed presidential candidate Getúlio Vargas was able to take control of the government and shift the country into the New Republic era.[19][20][21] This meant the dissolution of state legislatures and state power in the National Congress declined.[16] The constitution did, however, introduce proportional representation, which still exists in Brazilian politics today.[22] The 1935 Minas Gerais Constitution revived the state's unicameral, 48-person Assembly, albeit with diminished power.[16][23] In 1937, Vargas seized absolute power and brought the country into Estado Novo, Brazil's first dictatorship.[24] Estado Novo's first constitution was put in place immediately and was inspired by Poland's 1935 authoritarian constitution.[25] This constitution did away with political parties, further decreased state legislative power by making them into "administrative divisions of a unitary state,"[21] and ended free elections.[26]
In 1945, Vargas was pushed aside and Brazil returned briefly to a democracy.[23] A democratic constitution was introduced and promised full political freedom, reduction of centralized power, and state rights to elect local political representatives.[27][28] In 1947, the Constituent Assembly of Minas Gerais was revived, this time with 72 deputies.[23]
The 1964 military coup plunged the country into another dictatorship, this one lasting for more than 20 years.[29][30]Institutional Acts were introduced and viewed as superior to the constitution.[30] Again, political rights were oppressed, elections were skewed, state autonomy was limited, and political parties were quashed, which created a heavily controlled bipartisan government.[31] In 1967, Minas Gerais' weakened Assembly majoritatively consisted of members of ARENA, one of the two political parties allowed under the Acts.[23] In 1984, civil unrest demanding a return to democracy began cropping up around the country.[32] While dissent from Brazilians continued, José Sarney stepped in as president when his platform partner Tancredo Neves died.[32] Sarney reestablished elections in 1986 to repopulate the National Assembly.[32] A new constitution was passed in 1988 and was the most strongly "democratic Constitution in the history of [the] country."[32] The new constitution restored power to the states, democratic elections, and other freedoms oppressed during the military dictatorship.[33] States could have their own symbols, including flags, and legislative bodies, who could pass state laws.[33] In 1989, the Legislative Assembly was again revived, this time with 77 deputies.[23]
Locationedit
The Assembly was located in Ouro Preto for the first century or so of its existence in a free Brazil. The Assembly's library was established in 1892 and resided for 5 years in the building now hosting the Federal University of Ouro Preto's pharmacy school.[34] In 1897, as a symbol of progress, the state capital moved from Ouro Preto to Cidade de Minas, now Belo Horizonte.[35] The Assembly moved into a building on Avenida Afonso Pena and its library settled at Praça da República, now known as the Praça Afonso Arinos.[34] They later moved to a building on Rua Tamoios following a 1959 fire before settling in the newly built Palácio da Inconfidência in 1972.[34]
Organizationedit
The Legislative Assembly of Minas Gerais (ALMG) is made up of 77 deputies.[23] The number of members is established "correspond[ing] to triple the representation of the State in the Chamber of Deputies and, when the number 36 is reached, it will be increased by as many Federal Deputies [minus] twelve."[36] Deputies are elected for four-year terms, called legislatures.[37] Each year of the legislature has a single legislative session.[38] The Plenary is the "deliberative body," where state deputies meet to discuss and vote on proposed bills.[39] The plenary is the highest court within the Assembly, with administrative authority over committees, the assembly table, party leaders, and the cabinet.[40] Some plenary events are open discussions with the public.[41]
Provision of support for the Assembly and its functioning, as well as the police;
Issuance of a license to sue a state deputy;
Payment to civil employees;
Swearing-in of state governor and vice-governor
Requesting federal intervention;
Authorization of legal action against and judgement and prosecution of the governor, vice-governor, and/or secretary of state;
Installment of 5 of 7 councillors on the Court of Auditors;
Election of 4 members of the governing council;
Approval of inter-municipal agreements;
Monitor and control the acts of the Executive Power;
Authorization of referendums
Committeesedit
Committees are small groups of deputies working together on a single project or focus; committee foci include public administration, financial and budget inspection, and transportation.[42] Propositions currently under consideration are debated in these sessions.[42] Opinions formed by committee members are powerful; at times, authorities and specialists from the general public are invited to weigh in and offer a different point of view.[43]
The 19th Legislature (2019–2023) has 22 permanent committees:[44]
Each political party that has at least five deputies forms a group called a bench.[48] A block is a group made up of at least 16 deputies.[48] Blocks must be in place for legislative work to begin. Blocks must be in place for legislative work to begin.[49] Benches and blocks both have a leader and vice-leader, though party representatives with less than 5 members cannot be either.[48] Parties with large numbers of members can form a block but the limit is one per party.[48]
As of February 2021, the Assembly has three official blocks:[50]
Minas São Muitas; Independent block - 11 parties, 39 deputies
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^ abcPapadia, Andrea (1 May 2019). "Slaves, Migrants and Development in Brazil, 1872-1923" (PDF). European University Institute. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
^ abParreira Wicks, Nilce (1 January 2017). Pathways to Freedom: Slavery and Emancipation in Nineteenth-Century Ouro Preto, Brazil(PDF) (2017). UCLA. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
^Machado Oliveira, Kelly Eleutério (1 January 2017). ""O CAVALO DE BATALHA DO REGRESSO": A SEGUNDA LEGISLATURA DA ASSEMBLEIA PROVINCIAL MINEIRA (1838-1839)". Retrieved 29 January 2022.
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^ abRibeiro Viscardi, Cláudia Maria (n.d.). "Elites políticas mineiras na Primeira República Brasileira: um levantamento prosopográfico" (PDF) (in Portuguese). UFJF, Brasil. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
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^Daniel, James M. (1946). "The Brazilian Revolution of 1930, Causes and Aftermath". The Historian. 9 (1): 37–42. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1946.tb01103.x. JSTOR 24442263. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
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^ abRosenn, Keith S. (2005). "Federalism in Brazil". Duquesne Law Review. 43: 577–598. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
^"History of TRE-MG" (in Portuguese). Tribunal Regional Eleitoral-MG. n.d. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
^ abcdef"300 ANOS DE MINAS GERAIS" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Instituto dos Advogados de Minas Gerais. 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
^Levine, Robert M (1980). "Perspectives on the Mid-Vargas Years 1934-1937". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 22 (1): 57–80. doi:10.2307/165612. JSTOR 165612. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
^Saunders, JVD (1980). "A Revolution of Agreement Among Friends: The End of the Vargas Era". Hispanic American Historical Review. 44 (2): 197–213. doi:10.1215/00182168-44.2.197.
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^ abCysne, Diogo (n.d.). "Constituição de 1967" (in Portuguese). Info Escola. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
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