Les mille et une nuits, contes arabes traduits en français (lit.'The Thousand and One Nights, Arab stories translated into French'), published in 12 volumes between 1704 and 1717, was the first European version of The Thousand and One Nights tales.
The French translation by Antoine Galland (1646–1715) derived from an Arabic text of the Syrian recension of the medieval work[1] as well as other sources. It included short stories that are not found in the original Arabic manuscripts—the so-called "orphan tales"—such as the famous "Aladdin" and "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves", which first appeared in print in Galland's form.
Immensely popular at the time of initial publication, and enormously influential later, subsequent volumes were introduced using Galland's name although the stories were written by unknown persons at the behest of a publisher wanting to capitalize on their popularity.
Historyedit
Galland had come across a manuscript of "The Tale of Sindbad the Sailor" in Constantinople during the 1690s and in 1701 he published his French translation of it.[2] Its success encouraged him to embark on a translation of a 14th-century Syrian manuscript of tales from The Thousand and One Nights. The first two volumes of this work, under the title Les mille et une nuit, appeared in 1704, with volumes three to seven published in 1705 and 1706. Galland translated two more stories, but not enough for another complete volume. Frustrated, Galland's publisher Claude Barbin published these two along with two of François Pétis de la Croix's translations of the Turkish Ferec baʿd eş-şidde (later published as Les mille et un jours in 1710–12) as the eighth volume in 1709. This outraged Galland, who switched publishers for all subsequent volumes.[3]
Galland translated the first part of his work solely from the Syrian manuscript, but in 1709 he was introduced to a Syrian Christian—a Maronite from Aleppo whom he called Youhenna (“Hanna”) Diab. Galland's diary (March 25, 1709) records that he met Hanna through Paul Lucas, a French traveler who had used him as an interpreter brought him to Paris. Hanna recounted 14 stories to Galland from memory and Galland chose to write them down. At the end of the day, he included seven of them in his books. These are the tales called "Orphan tales" and are actually not translations but new additions directly written by Galland after what he heard from Diab. These new stories include Aladin and Ali Baba. For example, Galland's diary tells that the version of "Aladdin" that he wrote was made in the winter of 1709–10. It was included in his volumes IX and X, published in 1710. The final two volumes were published posthumously in 1717.
Galland adapted his translation to the taste of the times. The immediate success the tales enjoyed was partly due to the vogue for fairy stories—in French, contes de fees[4]—which had been started in France in the 1690s by Galland's friend Charles Perrault. Galland was also eager to conform to the literary canons of the era. He cut many of the erotic passages out along with all of the poetry. This caused Sir Richard Burton to refer to "Galland's delightful abbreviation and adaptation" which "in no wise represent[s] the eastern original."[5]
Galland's translation was greeted with immense enthusiasm and was soon further translated into many other European languages:
English (a "Grub Street" version of 1706 under the title Arabian Nights Entertainments)
German (1712)
Italian (1722)
Dutch (1732)
Russian (1763)
Polish (1768)
These produced a wave of imitations and the widespread 18th century fashion for oriental tales.[6]
Contentsedit
Volume 1edit
Les Mille et une Nuits
"L'Ane, le Boeuf et le Laboureur" ("The Fable of the Ass, the Ox, and the Labourer")
"Fable de Chien et du Boeuf" ("The Fable of the Dog and the Ox")
"Le Marchand et le Génie" ("The Merchant and the Genie")
"Histoire du premier Vieillard-Baron et de la Biche" ("The History of the first Old Man and the Doe")
"Histoire du second Vieillard et des deux Chiens noirs" ("The Story of the second Old Man and the two black Dogs")
"Histoire de la dame massacree et du jeune homme son mari" ("The Story of the Lady that was murdered, and of the young Man her Husband")
"Histoire de Noureddin Ali, et de Bedreddin Hassan" ("The Story of Noureddin Ali and Bedreddin Hassan")
Volume 4edit
"Suite de l'Histoire de Noureddin Ali, et de Bedreddin Hassan" ("Continuation of the Story of Noureddin Ali and of Bedreddin Hassan")
"Histoire du petit Bossu" ("History of the Little Hunchback")
"Histoire que raconta le Marchand chretien" ("The Story told by the Christian Merchant")
"Histoire racontée par le pourvoyeur du sultan de Casgar" ("The Story told by the Sultan of Casgar's Purveyor")
"Histoire racontée par le médecin juif" ("The Story told by the Jewish Physician")
"Histoire que raconta le Tailleur" ("The Story told by the Tailor")
Volume 5edit
"Suite de l'Histoire que raconta le Tailleur" ("Continuation of the Story told by the Tailor")
"Histoire du Barbier" ("The Story of the Barber")
"Histoire du premier Frere du Barbier" ("The Story of the Barber's Eldest Brother")
"Histoire du second Frere du Barbier" ("The Story of the Barrber's Second Brother")
"Histoire du troisieme Frere du Barbier" ("The Story of the Barber's Third Brother")
"Histoire du quatrieme Frere du Barbier" ("The Story of the Barber's Fourth Brother")
"Histoire du cinquieme Frere du Barbier" ("The Story of the Barber's Fifth Brother")
"Histoire du sixieme Frere du Barbier" ("The Story of the Barber's Sixth Brother")
"Histoire d'Aboulhassan Ali Ebn Becar et de Schemselnihar, favorite du calife Haroun-al-Raschid" ("History of Aboulhassan Ali Ebn Becar and Schemselnihar, Favourite of Caliph Haroun-Al-Raschid")
Volume 6edit
"Suite de l'histoire de la Princesse de la Chine" ("Continuation of the story of the Princess of China")
"Histoire de Marzavan avec la suite de calle de Camaralzaman" ("History of Marzavan with the continuation of that of Camaralzaman")
"Séparation du Prince Camaralzaman d'avec la Princesse Badoure" ("Separation of Prince Camaralzaman from Princess Badoure")
"Histoire de la Princesse Badoure apres la separation du Prince Camaralzaman" ("Story of Princess Badoure after the separation of Prince Camaralzaman")
"Suite de l'histoire du Prince Camaralzaman, depuis sa separation d'avec la Princesse Badoure" ("Continuation of the story of Prince Camaralzaman, since his separation from Princess Badoure")
"Histoire des Princes Amgiad et Assad" ("History of Princes Amgrad and Assad")
"Le Prince Assad arrete en entrant dans la ville des Mages" ("Prince Assad arrests upon entering the city of the Magi")
"Histoire du Prince Amgiad & d'une dame de la ville des Mages" ("Story of Prince Amgiad & a Lady from the City of the Magi")
"Suite de l'Histoire du Prince Assad" ("Continuation of the Story of Prince Assad")
Volume 7edit
"Histoire de Noureddin et de la belle Persienne" ("The Story of Noureddin and the Fair Persian")
"Histoire de Beder, prince de Perse, et de Giauhare, princesse du royaume du Samandal" ("The Story of Beder, Prince of Persia, and Giahaurre, Princess of the Kingdom of Samandal")
Volume 8edit
"Histoire de Ganem, Fils d'Abou Ayoub, surmomme l'Esclave d'Amour" ("The Story of Ganem, Son of Abou Ayoub, and known by the Surname of Love's Slave")
"Histoire du prince Zein Alasnam et du roi des Génies" ("The Story of Prince Zeyn Alasnam, and the King of the Geniuses")
"Histoire de Codadad et de ses frères" ("History of Codadad and his Brothers")
"Histoire de la princesse Deryabar" ("The Story of the Princess of Deryabar")
Volume 9edit
"Histoire du dormeur éveillé" ("The Story of the Sleeper Awakened")
"Histoire d'Ali Cogia, Marchand de Bagdad" (The Story of Ali Cogia, Merchant of Baghdad)
"Histoire du Cheval enchanté" (History of the Enchanted Horse) ("The Ebony Horse")
Volume 12edit
"Histoire du prince Ahmed et de la fee Pari-Banou" (History of Prince Ahmed and the Pari-Banou fairy)
"Histoire des deux Soeurs jalouses de leur cadette" (The Story of the two sisters jealous of their younger sister) ("The Sisters Envious of Their Cadette")
Another fact is undeniable. The most famous and eloquent encomiums of The Thousand and One Nights—by Coleridge, Thomas de Quincey, Stendhal, Tennyson, Edgar Allan Poe, Newman—are from readers of Galland's translation. Two hundred years and ten better translations have passed, but the man in Europe or the Americas who thinks of the Thousand and One Nights thinks, invariably, of this first translation. The Spanish adjective milyunanochesco [thousand-and-one-nights-esque] ... has nothing to do with the erudite obscenities of Burton or Mardrus, and everything to do with Antoine Galland's bijoux and sorceries.[7]
Editionsedit
First publicationedit
1704–1717: Les mille et une nuit, contes arabes traduits en François, par M. Galland, Paris: la Veuve Claude Barbin, In-12. 12 vols.
Vols. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 = 1704–1705, Paris: la Veuve Claude Barbin
Vol. 7 = 1706, Paris: la Veuve Claude Barbin
Vol. 8 = 1709, Paris: la Boutique de Claude Barbin, chez la veuve Ricoeur
Vols. 9, 10 = 1712, Paris: Florentin Delaulne
Vols. 11, 12 = 1717, Lyon: Briasson
Subsequent editionsedit
The longest volume in the Bibliothèque de la Pléiade series is Les Mille et Une Nuits I, II et III, at 3,504 pages.
Les mille et une nuits as translated by Galland (Garnier Flammarrion edition, 1965)
^Bibliothèque nationale manuscript "Supplement Arab. No. 2523"
^Robert L. Mack, ed. (2009). "Introduction". Arabian Nights' Entertainments. Oxford: Oxford UP. pp. ix–xxiii.
^Karateke, Hakan T. (2015). "The Politics of Translation: Two Stories from the Turkish Ferec baʿde Şidde in Les mille et une nuit, contes arabes". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 74 (2). University of Chicago Press: 211–224. doi:10.1086/682237. JSTOR 10.1086/682237. S2CID 156007752.
^Muhawi, Ibrahim (2005). "The "Arabian Nights" and the Question of Authorship". Journal of Arabic Literature. 36 (3): 323–337. doi:10.1163/157006405774909899.
^This section: Robert Irwin, The Arabian Nights: A Companion (Penguin, 1995), Chapter 1; some details from Garnier-Flammarion introduction
^Borges, Jorge Luis, "The Translators of The Thousand and One Nights" in The Total Library: Non-Fiction 1922-1986, ed. Eliot Weinberger (Penguin, 1999), pp. 92-93
External linksedit
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