The founding of Linaro was announced at Computex in June 2010 by ARM, Freescale Semiconductor, IBM, Samsung, ST-Ericsson, and Texas Instruments in a joint press conference.^[3] Linaro was formed to provide ”new resources and industry alignment for open source software developers using Linux on the world’s most sophisticated semiconductor System-on-Chips (SoCs).”^[4] The aim was to enable device manufacturers to get products to market faster by freeing up engineering time spent on non-differentiating, low-level software, speeding up development time and improving performance.^[5] Since its formation, Linaro has continued to deliver tools, security and Linux kernel quality to the ARM ecosystem as a whole. In addition, the company has created groups tasked with addressing fragmentation in the following market segments: Datacenter & Cloud, IoT & Embedded, Edge & Fog Computing, Consumer (Android), Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Vehicles.

In 2012, Linaro formed the Linaro Datacenter & Cloud Group (formerly known as the Linaro Enterprise Group) to drive adoption of ARM in the server market.^[6] In February 2013, Linaro launched the Linaro Networking Group, tasked with “accelerating Linux development for Arm processors in cloud and mobile infrastructure”.^[7] This group went on to start an initiative which “defined a set of APIs to be used across the full range of processor architectures and networking offloads available”.^[8] In 2018, project governance of the OpenDataPlane project was moved to the Openfastpath Foundation.^[9]

In February 2014, Linaro formed the Linaro Security Working group to “create open source Android and Linux reference designs for Trusted execution environment (TEE) technology.”^[10] Shortly after its formation, the Security Working Group took over project governance of (Open Portable Trusted Execution Environment), initially a proprietary TEE project developed by ST-Ericsson.^[11] In May 2014, Linaro launched the Linaro Digital Home Group, focused on ARM-based media gateways and STBs (Set Top Boxes).^[12] A few months later in July 2014, the Linaro Consumer Group (formerly known as the Linaro Mobile Group) was formed to consolidate and optimize open source software for mobile platforms on ARM.^[13]

In 2015, Linaro launched the an initiative, the “first open hardware specification that provides a platform for the delivery of compatible low cost, small footprint 32-bit and 64-bit Cortex-A boards from the full range of Arm SoC vendors”^[14] In 2016, Linaro launched the Linaro IoT and Embedded Group, with the aim of developing “end-to-end open source reference software for IoT devices and applications.”^[15]

In 2018, Linaro restructured the engineering groups to align with the technological landscape. As a result, the Linaro Networking Group and the Linaro Digital Home Group were both disbanded and the Linaro Edge & Fog Computing Group created. Linaro also launched two strategic initiatives - one focused on Artificial Intelligence^[16] and one focused on Autonomous Vehicles. In 2019, Li Gong was appointed Linaro CEO.^[17]

Core TechnologiesEdit

Linaro's Core Engineering Team is focused on co-maintaining the ARM ecosystem. The team works directly with upstream projects supporting core technologies including Linux kernel core features, power management, security, toolchain support (both GCC and LLVM), testing and CI and Virtualization. It makes regular public releases along with a number of reference builds of kernels and userspace for various Linux distributions (including Android and Ubuntu) on member SoCs.

The Core Engineering team also maintains the automated testing system called LAVA (Linaro Automated Validation Architecture) which Linaro developed.^[18] LAVA is for automated testing of the open source components that are used in the major Linux-based software platforms. A lab running LAVA and a wide variety of ARM hardware is run for the use of Linaro and member company engineers.

Segment specific engineeringEdit

The remaining work done by Linaro is split into groups focusing on particular markets where ARM processors are used. These include:

Linaro Datacenter & Cloud GroupEdit

The Linaro Datacenter & Cloud Group (LDCG) focuses on Linux development for ARM servers.^[19] The team's mission is to bring competing companies together to work on common solutions to problems and enable OEM's, commercial Linux providers and System on Chip (SOC) vendors to collaborate in a neutral environment on the development of the core software needed by the rapidly emerging market for low-power hyperscale servers.

Linaro Edge & Fog Computing GroupEdit

The Linaro Edge & Fog Computing Group (LEDGE) is working to accelerate the adoption of ARM technologies in Edge & Fog Computing ecosystems.

Linaro Consumer GroupEdit

The Linaro Consumer Group (LCG) focuses on development for mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets. The primary aim of the group is to improve the AOSP ecosystem through collaborative activities that benefit members across all Android use cases.^[20]

Linaro IoT & Embedded GroupEdit

In September 2016 Linaro announced the Linaro IoT and Embedded Group (LITE)^[21] that focuses on delivering end to end open source reference software for more secure connected products, ranging from sensors and connected controllers to smart devices and gateways, for the industrial and consumer markets.

96BoardsEdit

In February 2015, Linaro formed the Linaro Community Boards Group (LCG)^[22] to support the new 96Boards initiative. 96Boards is an open platform specification that provides a platform for the delivery of compatible low-cost, small footprint 32-bit and 64-bit Cortex-A boards.

A fixed set of minimum interfaces are required by the specifications, for example the Consumer Edition (CE) specification requires standard USB, micro-SD, HDMI, power, and low- and high-speed peripheral connectors. Vendors may add customized hardware and feature sets provided the form factor and minimum set of interfaces are supported. Since the original Consumer Edition (CE) release there have been specifications for Enterprise (EE), IoT (IE) and SoM developed.

On April 27, 2017, a board adhering to the 96Board Consumer Edition Open Standard became a development platform for the Android Open Source Project (AOSP).^[23][24]

Specifications and implementationsEdit

As of August 2019, there are four published 96Boards specifications for low-cost ARMv7-A and ARMv8-A development boards:^[25]

• The Consumer Edition (CE) targets the mobile, embedded and digital home segments.
• The Enterprise Edition (EE) targets the networking and server segments.
• The Internet of Things Edition (IE) is designed to support development in the IoT space.
• The SoM Edition (SoM) is focused on Wireless and Compute solutions.

Linaro runs and continuously tests its output on member platforms. For the ARMv7-A code, these include TI's OMAP 3 and OMAP 4, Samsung's Exynos, and ST-Ericsson's NovaThor U8500. For development on platforms prior to silicon availability, e.g. big.LITTLE development starting at the end of 2011 and ARMv8-A work begun in 2012.

As an open source company most of Linaro's work is available from the relevant upstream projects. During the early days of their toolchain work they became a source for up to date cross-compilers for the ARM architecture. They still provide a monthly binary GNU toolchain integration build (built from upstream) to allow easy testing of recently merged features. Other binaries built by Linaro are distributed by the upstream projects. ^[27]

All code developed within Linaro working groups is open source and therefore available under standard Open Source Initiative (OSI) license terms. For more details see Linaro Membership Rules and Linaro Articles of Association.^[28]