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Lindley system

Summary

An early system of plant taxonomy, the Lindley system, was first published by John Lindley as An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany (Natural History, 1830).[1] This was a minor modification of that of de Candolle (1813).[2] He developed this further over a number of publications, including the Nixus plantarum (1833)[3][4] and a second edition of Natural History (1836), in which he introduced the concept of a higher order of taxonomic rank, the Alliances, in which he embedded the Tribes (families).[5][6] He also expanded his ideas on Exogens in his entry of that name in the Penny Cyclopedia (1838).[7][8] In 1839 he revised his division of the plant kingdom into classes in an article in the Botanical Register.[9][10] Lindley's system culminated in the three editions of his Vegetable Kingdom (1846, 1847, 1853).[11][12][13]

The schema of the Natural History is shown on pages xxxv and xxxvii-xlviii.[14] In the Vegetable Kingdom,[13] the schema for the first edition is on pp. lv–lxviii. The third and final edition was published in 1853,[13] with the schema on p. lv.[15] Cross references from Natural History to Vegetable Kingdom in [Square brackets].

Summary edit

An Introduction to the Natural History of Botany (1830) edit

Schema p. xxxv,[16]
Outline p. xxxvii
Index p. 345
Genera organised into Orders (referred to as Tribes, in English)

Vegetable Kingdom (1846–1853) edit

Summary of previous systems p. xxxv (see Notes)
Schema for 1846 and 1853 p. lv[15]
Genera organised into Alliances and Orders

Flowerless plants (Asexual)

  • Class I: Thallogens
  • Class II: Acrogens

Flowering plants (Sexual)

  • Class III: Rhizogens
  • Class IV: Endogens
  • Class V: Dictyogens
  • Class VI: Gymnogens
  • Class VII: Exogens
  • Index to Vegetable Kingdom p. 833[18]

Natural History orders (1830–1836) edit

165 orders (list p. 3)

Class I: Vasculares: Flowering plants edit

p. 1

Subclass I: Exogenae (Dicotyledons) edit

Subclass II: Endogenae (Monocotyledons) edit

Endogenae, or Monocotyledonous Plants p. 251[19]

(May be Tripetaloideous, Hexapetaloideous or Spadiceous)[21]

.....

    • Spadiceae (7 orders)[24]
      • 254 Pandaneae p. 284
      • 255 Typhaceae p. 285
      • 256 Aroideae p. 286
      • 257 Balanophoreae p. 288
      • 258 Fluviales p. 289
      • 259 Juncagineae p. 290
      • 259 Pistiaceae p. 291 [Arales 124]
  • Tribe II Glumaceae 2 orders p. 292 [Glumales 105]

Class II: Cellulares: Flowerless plants edit

p. 307

Vegetable Kingdom alliances and orders (1846–1853) edit

(pages refer to 1853 edition)

Flowerless plants edit

p. 5

Class I: Thallogens edit

3 Alliances

Class II: Acrogens edit

3 Alliances p. 51

Flowering plants edit

Class III: Rhizogens edit

3 orders p. 83

Class IV: Endogens (Monocotyledons) edit

11 Alliances p. 95

Class V: Dictyogens edit

5 orders p. 211

Class VI: Gymnogens edit

4 orders p. 221

Class VII: Exogens edit

4 subclasses

  • Sub-class I: Diclinous Exogens 8 alliances p. 249
  • Sub-class II: Hypogynous Exogens 13 alliances p. 325
    • Alliance 26: Violales p. 325
  • Sub-class III: Perigynous Exogens 10 alliances p. 523
  • Sub-class IV: Epigynous Exogens 7 alliances p. 688

Notes edit

His final schemata is illustrated in the Vegetable Kingdom, his last work, on pages lv-lxvii.[27] In this work he also reviews all his previous publications relative to the many known systems published at that time.

References edit

  1. ^ Lindley 1830.
  2. ^ Lindley 1846, 1830 Lindley An Introduction &c.
  3. ^ Lindley 1833.
  4. ^ Lindley 1846, 1833 Lindley Nixus.
  5. ^ Lindley 1836.
  6. ^ Lindley 1846, 1836 Lindley A Natural System &c.
  7. ^ Lindley 1838.
  8. ^ Lindley 1846, 1838 Lindley Exogens.
  9. ^ Lindley 1839.
  10. ^ Lindley 1846, 1839 Lindley Botanical Register.
  11. ^ Lindley 1846.
  12. ^ Lindley 1847.
  13. ^ a b c Lindley 1853.
  14. ^ Lindley 1830, Summary tables p. xxxvii .
  15. ^ a b Lindley 1853, p. lv.
  16. ^ Lindley 1830, General view .
  17. ^ Lindley 1830, p. 345.
  18. ^ Lindley 1853, p. 833.
  19. ^ Lindley 1830, xlvi.
  20. ^ Lindley 1830, Petaloideae p. 252.
  21. ^ Lindley 1830, Petaloideae p. xlvi.
  22. ^ Lindley 1830, Tripetaloideae.
  23. ^ Lindley 1830, Hexapetaloideae.
  24. ^ Lindley 1830, Spadiceae.
  25. ^ Lindley 1853, Order XLVI: Amaryllidaceae - Amaryllids p. 155
  26. ^ Lindley 1853, Order LXII: Liliaceae - Lilyworts p. 200
  27. ^ Lindley 1846, p. lv.

Bibliography edit

  • Lindley, John (1833). Nixus plantarum. London: Apud Ridgway et filios.
  • Lindley, John (1838). "Exogens". The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. vol. X Ernesti–Frustum. London: Charles Knight. pp. 120–123.
  • Lindley, John (1839). "Primary Distribution of the Vegetable Garden". Botanical Register. xxv: 76–81.
A Natural System of Botany (1830–1836)
  • Lindley, John (1830). An introduction to the natural system of botany: or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom: together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy (1st ed.). London: Longman.
  • Lindley, John (1836) [1830]. A natural system of botany; or, A systematic view of the organization, natural affinities, and geographical distribution of the whole vegetable kingdom: together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy (2nd ed.). London: Longman.
The Vegetable Kingdom (1846–1853)
  • Lindley, John (1846). The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system (1st ed.). London: Bradbury.
  • Lindley, John (1847) [1846]. The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system (2nd ed.). London: Bradbury & Evans.
  • Lindley, John (1853) [1846]. The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system (3rd. ed.). London: Bradbury & Evans.

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