Summary
Anglo-Saxon deities are in general poorly attested, and much is inferred about the religion of the Anglo-Saxons from what is known of other Germanic peoples’ religions. The written record from the period between the Anglo-Saxon invasion of the British Isles to the Christianisation of the Anglo-Saxons is very sparse, and most of what is known comes from later Christian writers such as Bede, whose descriptions can be compared to other Germanic mythologies as well as the extant archaeological evidence. The list below is incomplete, but includes brief discussion of the attestation of the deities in question, and should be considered critically.
Major deities edit
- Woden, king of the gods and god of wisdom. Cognate to Norse Odin. Source of the word 'Wednesday'.
- Tiw, a war god and possibly a sky god. Cognate to Norse Tyr, as well as Greek Zeus, Roman Jupiter, Baltic Dievs/Dievas and Hindu Dyaus. Source of the word 'Tuesday'.
- Thunor, god of thunder and cognate to Norse Thor and source of the word 'Thursday'.
- Frig, the wife of Woden the goddess of marriage and childbirth and source of the word 'Friday'.
- Ing, possibly another name for the Norse 'Freyr', god of fertility.
Poorly attested deities edit
- Ēostre, listed by Bede, and purported source of the word 'Easter'.
- Erce/Folde/Eorðe, the 'Mother of Earth' cited in the Æcerbot charm.
- Rheda, also Hrethe or Hrēða, listed by Bede.
Putative deities inferred from other sources edit
- Wyrd, the Anglo-Saxon concept of fate.
- Beowa, a figure associated with barley and possibly conflated with Beowulf.
The following are cognate to deities known to have been worshipped by other Germanic peoples, and are also related to the sources of names of days of the week:
Putative deities mentioned in king lists edit
Other supernatural figures edit
- Modra, the 'Mothers', whose festival 'Modraniht' is mentioned by Bede. Possibly connected to the Matres and Matronae, and the Norns.
- Nicors, water spirits attested in Beowulf with apparent cognates in other Germanic languages as well as modern dialectal knucker.
- Wælcyrge, cognate with Norse Valkyries, which may have been imported from Norse mythology.
See also edit
References edit
Further reading edit
- Doyle White, Ethan (1 September 2014). "The Goddess Frig". Preternature: Critical and Historical Studies on the Preternatural. 3 (2): 284–310. doi:10.5325/preternature.3.2.0284.
- Jesch, Judith (2011). "The Norse Gods in England and the Isle of Man". In Anlezark, Daniel (ed.). Myths, Legends, and Heroes: Essays on Old Norse and Old English Literature. University of Toronto Press. pp. 11–24. doi:10.3138/9781442662056. ISBN 978-0-8020-9947-1. JSTOR 10.3138/9781442662056.5.
- Meaney, A L. (1966). "Woden in England: A Reconsideration of the Evidence". Folklore. 77 (2): 105–115. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1966.9717037. JSTOR 1258536.
- Ryan, J. S. (1963). "Othin in England: Evidence from the Poetry for a Cult of Woden in Anglo-Saxon England". Folklore. 74 (3): 460–480. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1963.9716920. JSTOR 1259026.
- Stanley, Eric Gerald (2000). "The Gods Themselves". Imagining the Anglo-Saxon Past: The Search for Anglo-Saxon Paganism and Anglo-Saxon Trial by Jury. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 77–84. ISBN 978-0-85991-588-5. JSTOR 10.7722/j.ctt81h08.14.