List of Johnson solids

Summary

In geometry, polyhedra are three-dimensional objects where points are connected by lines to form polygons. The points, lines, and polygons of a polyhedron are referred to as its vertices, edges, and faces respectively.[1] A polyhedron is considered to be convex if:[2]

  • The shortest path between any two of its vertices lies either within its interior or on its boundary
  • None of its faces are coplanar—they do not share the same plane, and do not "lie flat"
  • None of its edges are colinear—they are not segments of the same line.

A polyhedron is said to be regular if each of its faces are both equilateral and equiangular.[3] Regular polyhedra with the additional property of vertex-transitivity are called uniform polyhedra.[4] A Johnson solid (or Johnson–Zalgaller solid) is any convex polyhedron with only regular polygons as its faces. Some authors exclude uniform polyhedra—which include the Platonic solids and Archimedean solids, as well as prisms and antiprisms—from their definition.[5]

The Johnson solids are named for the mathematician Norman Johnson (1930–2017), who published a list of 92 convex polyhedra conforming with the above definition in 1966. Moreover, Johnson conjectured that the list was complete, and there could not be any other examples. Johnson's conjecture was later proven by the Russian-Israeli mathematician Victor Zalgaller (1920–2020) in 1969.[6] The first six Johnson solids are the square pyramid, pentagonal pyramid, triangular cupola, square cupola, pentagonal cupola, and pentagonal rotunda. These solids may be applied to construct another polyhedron that has the same properties, a process known as augmentation; attaching prism or antiprism to those is known as elongation or gyroelongation, respectively. Some others may be constructed by diminishment, the removal of those from the component of polyhedra, or by snubification, a construction by cutting loose the edges, lifting the faces and rotate in certain angle, after which adding the equilateral triangles between them.[7]

Every polyhedra has own characteristics, including symmetry and measurement. An object is said to be symmetrical if there is such transformation preserving the immunity to change. All of those transformations may be composed in a concept of group, alongside the number of elements, known as order. In two-dimensional space, these transformations include rotating around the center of a polygon and reflecting an object around the perpendicular bisector of a polygon. A polygon that is rotated symmetrically in is denoted by , a cyclic group of order ; combining with the reflection symmetry results in the symmetry of dihedral group of order .[8] In three-dimensional symmetry point groups, the transformation of polyhedra's symmetry includes the rotation around the line passing through the base center, known as axis of symmetry, and reflection relative to perpendicular planes passing through the bisector of a base; this is known as the pyramidal symmetry of order . Relatedly, polyhedra that preserve their symmetry by reflecting it across a horizontal plane are known as prismatic symmetry of order . The antiprismatic symmetry of order preserves the symmetry by rotating its half bottom and reflection across the horizontal plane.[9] The symmetry group of order preserves the symmetry by rotation around the axis of symmetry and reflection on horizontal plane; one case that preserves the symmetry by one full rotation and one reflection horizontal plane is of order 2, or simply denoted as .[10] The mensuration of polyhedra includes the surface area and volume. An area is a two-dimensional measurement calculated by the product of length and width, and the surface area is the overall area of all faces of polyhedra that is measured by summing all of them.[11] A volume is a measurement of the region in three-dimensional space.[12]

The following table contains the 92 Johnson solids of the edge length . Each of the columns includes the enumeration of Johnson solid, denoted as ,[13] the number of vertices, edges, and faces, symmetry, surface area and volume .

Table of all 92 Johnson solids
Solid name Image Vertices Edges Faces Symmetry group and its order[14] Surface area and volume[15]
1 Equilateral
square
pyramid
5 8 5 of order 8
2 Pentagonal
pyramid
6 10 6 of order 10
3 Triangular
cupola
9 15 8 of order 6
4 Square
cupola
12 20 10 of order 8
5 Pentagonal
cupola
15 25 12 of order 10
6 Pentagonal
rotunda
20 35 17 of order 10
7 Elongated
triangular
pyramid
7 12 7 of order 6
8 Elongated
square
pyramid
9 16 9 of order 8
9 Elongated
pentagonal
pyramid
11 20 11 of order 10
10 Gyroelongated
square
pyramid
9 20 13 of order 8
11 Gyroelongated
pentagonal
pyramid
11 25 16 of order 10
12 Triangular
bipyramid
5 9 6 of order 12
13 Pentagonal
bipyramid
7 15 10 of order 20
14 Elongated
triangular
bipyramid
8 15 9 of order 12
15 Elongated
square
bipyramid
10 20 12 of order 16
16 Elongated
pentagonal
bipyramid
12 25 15 of order 20
17 Gyroelongated
square
bipyramid
10 24 16 of order 16
18 Elongated
triangular
cupola
15 27 14 of order 6
19 Elongated
square
cupola
20 36 18 of order 8
20 Elongated
pentagonal
cupola
25 45 22 of order 10
21 Elongated
pentagonal
rotunda
30 55 27 of order 10
22 Gyroelongated
triangular
cupola
15 33 20 of order 6
23 Gyroelongated
square
cupola
20 44 26 of order 8
24 Gyroelongated
pentagonal
cupola
25 55 32 of order 10
25 Gyroelongated
pentagonal
rotunda
30 65 37 of order 10
26 Gyrobifastigium 8 14 8 of order 8
27 Triangular
orthobicupola
12 24 14 of order 12
28 Square
orthobicupola
16 32 18 of order 16
29 Square
gyrobicupola
16 32 18 of order 16
30 Pentagonal
orthobicupola
20 40 22 of order 20
31 Pentagonal
gyrobicupola
20 40 22 of order 20
32 Pentagonal
orthocupolarotunda
25 50 27 of order 10
33 Pentagonal
gyrocupolarotunda
25 50 27 of order 10
34 Pentagonal
orthobirotunda
30 60 32 of order 20
35 Elongated
triangular
orthobicupola
18 36 20 of order 12
36 Elongated
triangular
gyrobicupola
18 36 20 of order 12
37 Elongated
square
gyrobicupola
24 48 26 of order 16
38 Elongated
pentagonal
orthobicupola
30 60 32 of order 20
39 Elongated
pentagonal
gyrobicupola
30 60 32 of order 20
40 Elongated
pentagonal
orthocupolarotunda
35 70 37 of order 10
41 Elongated
pentagonal
gyrocupolarotunda
35 70 37 of order 10
42 Elongated
pentagonal
orthobirotunda
40 80 42 of order 20
43 Elongated
pentagonal
gyrobirotunda
40 80 42 of order 20
44 Gyroelongated
triangular
bicupola
18 42 26 of order 6
45 Gyroelongated
square
bicupola
24 56 34 of order 8
46 Gyroelongated
pentagonal
bicupola
30 70 42 of order 10
47 Gyroelongated
pentagonal
cupolarotunda
35 80 47 of order 5
48 Gyroelongated
pentagonal
birotunda
40 90 52 of order 10
49 Augmented
triangular
prism
7 13 8 of order 4
50 Biaugmented
triangular
prism
8 17 11 of order 4
51 Triaugmented
triangular
prism
9 21 14 of order 12
52 Augmented
pentagonal
prism
11 19 10 of order 4
53 Biaugmented
pentagonal
prism
12 23 13 of order 4
54 Augmented
hexagonal
prism
13 22 11 of order 4
55 Parabiaugmented
hexagonal
prism
14 26 14 of order 8
56 Metabiaugmented
hexagonal
prism
14 26 14 of order 4
57 Triaugmented
hexagonal
prism
15 30 17 of order 12
58 Augmented
dodecahedron
21 35 16 of order 10
59 Parabiaugmented
dodecahedron
22 40 20 of order 20
60 Metabiaugmented
dodecahedron
22 40 20 of order 4
61 Triaugmented
dodecahedron
23 45 24 of order 6
62 Metabidiminished
icosahedron
10 20 12 of order 4
63 Tridiminished
icosahedron
9 15 8 of order 6
64 Augmented
tridiminished
icosahedron
10 18 10 of order 6
65 Augmented
truncated
tetrahedron
15 27 14 of order 6
66 Augmented
truncated
cube
28 48 22 of order 8
67 Biaugmented
truncated
cube
32 60 30 of order 16
68 Augmented
truncated
dodecahedron
65 105 42 of order 10
69 Parabiaugmented
truncated
dodecahedron
70 120 52 of order 20
70 Metabiaugmented
truncated
dodecahedron
70 120 52 of order 4
71 Triaugmented
truncated
dodecahedron
75 135 62 of order 6
72 Gyrate
rhombicosidodecahedron
60 120 62 of order 10
73 Parabigyrate
rhombicosidodecahedron
60 120 62 of order 20
74 Metabigyrate
rhombicosidodecahedron
60 120 62 of order 4
75 Trigyrate
rhombicosidodecahedron
60 120 62 of order 6
76 Diminished
rhombicosidodecahedron
55 105 52 of order 10
77 Paragyrate
diminished
rhombicosidodecahedron
55 105 52 of order 10
78 Metagyrate
diminished
rhombicosidodecahedron
55 105 52 of order 2
79 Bigyrate
diminished
rhombicosidodecahedron
55 105 52 of order 2
80 Parabidiminished
rhombicosidodecahedron
50 90 42 of order 20
81 Metabidiminished
rhombicosidodecahedron
50 90 42 of order 4
82 Gyrate
bidiminished
rhombicosidodecahedron
50 90 42 of order 2
83 Tridiminished
rhombicosidodecahedron
45 75 32 of order 6
84 Snub
disphenoid
8 18 12 of order 8
85 Snub
square
antiprism
16 40 26 of order 16
86 Sphenocorona 10 22 14 of order 4
87 Augmented
sphenocorona
11 26 17 of order 2
88 Sphenomegacorona 12 28 18 of order 4
89 Hebesphenomegacorona 14 33 21 of order 4
90 Disphenocingulum 16 38 24 of order 8
91 Bilunabirotunda 14 26 14 of order 8
92 Triangular
hebespenorotunda
18 36 20 of order 6

Notes edit

  1. ^ Meyer (2006), p. 418.
  2. ^
  3. ^ Cromwell (1997), p. 77.
  4. ^ Diudea (2018), p. 40.
  5. ^
  6. ^
  7. ^
  8. ^
  9. ^ Flusser, Suk & Zitofa (2017), p. 126.
  10. ^
  11. ^ Walsh (2014), p. 284.
  12. ^ Parker (1997), p. 264.
  13. ^ Uehara (2020), p. 62.
  14. ^ Johnson (1966).
  15. ^ Berman (1971).

References edit

  • Berman, Martin (1971). "Regular-faced convex polyhedra". Journal of the Franklin Institute. 291 (5): 329–352. doi:10.1016/0016-0032(71)90071-8. MR 0290245.
  • Boissonnat, J. D.; Yvinec, M. (June 1989). Probing a scene of non convex polyhedra. Proceedings of the fifth annual symposium on Computational geometry. pp. 237–246. doi:10.1145/73833.73860.
  • Cromwell, Peter R. (1997). Polyhedra. Cambridge University Press.
  • Diudea, M. V. (2018). Multi-shell Polyhedral Clusters. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64123-2. ISBN 978-3-319-64123-2.
  • Flusser, Jan; Suk, Tomas; Zitofa, Barbara (2017). 2D and 3D Image Analysis by Moments. John & Sons Wiley.
  • Hergert, Wolfram; Geilhufe, Matthias (2018). Group Theory in Solid State Physics and Photonics: Problem Solving with Mathematica. John & Sons Wiley. ISBN 978-3-527-41300-3.
  • Holme, Audun (2010). Geometry: Our Cultural Heritage. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14441-7. ISBN 978-3-642-14441-7.
  • Johnson, Norman (1966). "Convex Solids with Regular Faces". Canadian Journal of Mathematics. 18: 169–200. doi:10.4153/CJM-1966-021-8.
  • Litchenberg, Dorovan R. (1988). "Pyramids, Prisms, Antiprisms, and Deltahedra". The Mathematics Teacher. 81 (4): 261–265. JSTOR 27965792.
  • Meyer, W. (2006). Geometry and Its Applications. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-369427-0.
  • Parker, Sybil P. (1997). Dictionary of Mathematics. McGraw-Hill.
  • Powell, Richard C. (2010). Symmetry, Group Theory, and the Physical Properties of Crystals. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7598-0. ISBN 978-1-4419-7598-0.
  • Rajwade, A. R. (2001). Convex Polyhedra with Regularity Conditions and Hilbert's Third Problem. Texts and Readings in Mathematics. Hindustan Book Agency. doi:10.1007/978-93-86279-06-4. ISBN 978-93-86279-06-4.
  • Solomon, Ronald (2003). Abstract Algebra. American Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-0-8218-4795-4.
  • Slobodan, Mišić; Obradović, Marija; Ðukanović, Gordana (2015). "Composite Concave Cupolae as Geometric and Architectural Forms" (PDF). Journal for Geometry and Graphics. 19 (1): 79–91.
  • Todesco, Gian Marco (2020). "Hyperbolic Honeycomb". In Emmer, Michele; Abate, Marco (eds.). Imagine Math 7: Between Culture and Mathematics. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42653-8. ISBN 978-3-030-42653-8.
  • Uehara, Ryuhei (2020). Introduction to Computational Origami: The World of New Computational Geometry. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-4470-5. ISBN 978-981-15-4470-5.
  • Walsh, Edward T. (2014). A First Course in Geometry. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-78020-7.
  • Williams, Kim; Monteleone, Cosino (2021). Daniele Barbaro’s Perspective of 1568. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76687-0. ISBN 978-3-030-76687-0.
  • Zalgaller, Victor A. (1969). Convex Polyhedra with Regular Faces. Consultants Bureau.

External links edit

  • Gagnon, Sylvain (1982). "Convex polyhedra with regular faces" (PDF). Topologie Structurale [Structural Topology] (in French) (6): 83–95.
  • Hart, George W. "Johnson Solid".
  • "Johnson Polyhedra: Polyhedra with Regular Polygon Faces". See all of the categorized 92 Johnson solids images on one page.
  • "Johnson Solids".
  • Vladimir, Bulatov. "VRML models of Johnson Solids".