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List of Malpighiales of South Africa

Summary

The Malpighiales comprise one of the largest orders of flowering plants, containing about 36 families and more than 16,000 species, about 7.8% of the eudicots.[1][2] The order is very diverse, containing plants as different as the willow, violet, poinsettia, manchineel, rafflesia and coca plant, and are hard to recognize except with molecular phylogenetic evidence. It is not part of any of the classification systems based only on plant morphology. Molecular clock calculations estimate the origin of stem group Malpighiales at around 100 million years ago (Mya) and the origin of crown group Malpighiales at about 90 Mya.[3]

The anthophytes are a grouping of plant taxa bearing flower-like reproductive structures. They were formerly thought to be a clade comprising plants bearing flower-like structures. The group contained the angiosperms - the extant flowering plants, such as roses and grasses - as well as the Gnetales and the extinct Bennettitales.[4]

23,420 species of vascular plant have been recorded in South Africa, making it the sixth most species-rich country in the world and the most species-rich country on the African continent. Of these, 153 species are considered to be threatened.[5] Nine biomes have been described in South Africa: Fynbos, Succulent Karoo, desert, Nama Karoo, grassland, savanna, Albany thickets, the Indian Ocean coastal belt, and forests.[6]

The 2018 South African National Biodiversity Institute's National Biodiversity Assessment plant checklist lists 35,130 taxa in the phyla Anthocerotophyta (hornworts (6)), Anthophyta (flowering plants (33534)), Bryophyta (mosses (685)), Cycadophyta (cycads (42)), Lycopodiophyta (Lycophytes(45)), Marchantiophyta (liverworts (376)), Pinophyta (conifers (33)), and Pteridophyta (cryptogams (408)).[7]

20 families are represented in the literature. Listed taxa include species, subspecies, varieties, and forms as recorded, some of which have subsequently been allocated to other taxa as synonyms, in which cases the accepted taxon is appended to the listing. Multiple entries under alternative names reflect taxonomic revision over time.

Achariaceae edit

Family: Achariaceae,[7]

Acharia edit

Genus Acharia:[7]

Ceratiosicyos edit

Genus Ceratiosicyos:[7]

  • Ceratiosicyos laevis (Thunb.) A.Meeuse, indigenous

Guthriea edit

Genus Guthriea:[7]

Kiggelaria edit

Genus Kiggelaria:[7]

Rawsonia edit

Genus Rawsonia:[7]

Xylotheca edit

Genus Xylotheca:[7]

Chrysobalanaceae edit

Family: Chrysobalanaceae,[7]

Parinari edit

Genus Parinari:[7]

Clusiaceae edit

Family: Clusiaceae,[7]

Clusia edit

Genus Clusia:[7]

  • Clusia rosea Jacq. not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised, invasive

Garcinia edit

Genus Garcinia:[7]

Dichapetalaceae edit

Family: Dichapetalaceae,[7]

Dichapetalum edit

Genus Dichapetalum:[7]

Tapura edit

Genus Tapura:[7]

Elatinaceae edit

Family: Elatinaceae,[7]

Bergia edit

Genus Bergia:[7]

  • Bergia anagalloides E.Mey. ex Fenzl, indigenous
  • Bergia capensis L. indigenous
  • Bergia decumbens Planch. ex Harv. indigenous
  • Bergia glomerata L.f. endemic
  • Bergia pentheriana Keissl. indigenous
  • Bergia polyantha Sond. indigenous
  • Bergia salaria Bremek. indigenous

Elatine edit

Genus Elatine:[7]

Erythroxylaceae edit

Family: Erythroxylaceae,[7]

Erythroxylum edit

Genus Erythroxylum:[7]

  • Erythroxylum delagoense Schinz, indigenous
  • Erythroxylum emarginatum Thonn. indigenous
  • Erythroxylum pictum E.Mey. ex Sond. endemic

Nectaropetalum edit

Genus Nectaropetalum:[7]

  • Nectaropetalum capense (Bolus) Stapf & Boodle, endemic
  • Nectaropetalum zuluense (Schonland) Corbishley, endemic

Euphorbiaceae edit

Family: Euphorbiaceae,[7] 47 genera have been recorded. Not all are necessarily currently accepted.

Hypericaceae edit

Family: Hypericaceae,[7]

Hypericum edit

Genus Hypericum:[7]

  • Hypericum aethiopicum Thunb. indigenous
    • Hypericum aethiopicum Thunb. subsp. aethiopicum, indigenous
    • Hypericum aethiopicum Thunb. subsp. sonderi (Bredell) N.Robson, indigenous
  • Hypericum androsaemum L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
  • Hypericum canariense L. not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised, invasive
  • Hypericum forrestii (Chitt.) N.Robson, not indigenous, naturalised
  • Hypericum hookerianum Wight & Arn. not indigenous, naturalised
  • Hypericum lalandii Choisy, indigenous
  • Hypericum natalense J.M.Wood & M.S.Evans, indigenous
  • Hypericum perforatum L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
  • Hypericum pseudohenryi N.Robson, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
  • Hypericum revolutum Vahl, indigenous
    • Hypericum revolutum Vahl subsp. revolutum, indigenous
  • Hypericum roeperianum G.W.Schimp. ex A.Rich. indigenous
    • Hypericum roeperianum G.W.Schimp. ex A.Rich. var. roeperianum, indigenous
  • Hypericum wilmsii R.Keller, indigenous

Linaceae edit

Family: Linaceae,[7]

Hugonia edit

Genus Hugonia:[7]

  • Hugonia orientalis Engl. indigenous

Linum edit

Genus Linum:[7]

  • Linum acuticarpum C.M.Rogers, endemic
  • Linum adustum E.Mey. ex Planch. endemic
  • Linum aethiopicum Thunb. endemic
  • Linum africanum L. endemic
  • Linum brevistylum C.M.Rogers, endemic
  • Linum comptonii C.M.Rogers, endemic
  • Linum esterhuyseniae C.M.Rogers, endemic
  • Linum gracile Planch. endemic
  • Linum heterostylum C.M.Rogers, endemic
  • Linum pungens Planch. endemic
  • Linum quadrifolium L. endemic
  • Linum thesioides Bartl. endemic
  • Linum thunbergii Eckl. & Zeyh. indigenous
  • Linum usitatissimum L. not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised
  • Linum villosum C.M.Rogers, endemic

Malpighiaceae edit

Family: Malpighiaceae,[7]

Acridocarpus edit

Genus Acridocarpus:[7]

  • Acridocarpus natalitius A.Juss. indigenous
    • Acridocarpus natalitius A.Juss. var. linearifolius Launert, indigenous
    • Acridocarpus natalitius A.Juss. var. natalitius, indigenous

Sphedamnocarpus edit

Genus Sphedamnocarpus:[7]

  • Sphedamnocarpus pruriens (A.Juss.) Szyszyl. indigenous
    • Sphedamnocarpus pruriens (A.Juss.) Szyszyl. subsp. galphimiifolius (A.Juss.) P.D.de Villiers & D.J.B, indigenous
    • Sphedamnocarpus pruriens (A.Juss.) Szyszyl. subsp. pruriens, indigenous
  • Sphedamnocarpus transvalicus (Kuntze) Burtt Davy, accepted as Sphedamnocarpus pruriens (A.Juss.) Szyszyl. subsp. galphimiifolius (A.Juss.) P.D.de Villiers & D.J.B, present

Triaspis edit

Genus Triaspis:[7]

  • Triaspis glaucophylla Engl. endemic
    • Triaspis hypericoides (DC.) Burch. indigenous
    • Triaspis hypericoides (DC.) Burch. subsp. canescens (Engl.) Immelman, indigenous
    • Triaspis hypericoides (DC.) Burch. subsp. hypericoides, indigenous
    • Triaspis hypericoides (DC.) Burch. subsp. nelsonii (Oliv.) Immelman, indigenous

Ochnaceae edit

Family: Ochnaceae,[7]

Brackenridgea edit

Genus Brackenridgea:[7]

Ochna edit

Genus Ochna:[7]

  • Ochna arborea Burch. ex DC. indigenous
    • Ochna arborea Burch. ex DC. var. arborea, indigenous
    • Ochna arborea Burch. ex DC. var. oconnorii (E.Phillips) Du Toit, indigenous
  • Ochna barbosae N.Robson, indigenous
  • Ochna confusa Burtt Davy & Greenway, indigenous
  • Ochna gamostigmata du Toit, indigenous
  • Ochna glauca I.Verd. indigenous
  • Ochna holstii Engl. indigenous
  • Ochna inermis (Forssk.) Schweinf. indigenous
  • Ochna natalitia (Meisn.) Walp. indigenous
  • Ochna pretoriensis E.Phillips, indigenous
  • Ochna pulchra Hook.f. indigenous
  • Ochna serrulata (Hochst.) Walp. indigenous

Passifloraceae edit

Family: Passifloraceae,[7]

Adenia edit

Genus Adenia:[7]

  • Adenia digitata (Harv.) Engl. indigenous
  • Adenia fruticosa Burtt Davy, indigenous
    • Adenia fruticosa Burtt Davy subsp. fruticosa, endemic
    • Adenia fruticosa Burtt Davy subsp. simplicifolia W.J.de Wilde, indigenous
    • Adenia fruticosa Burtt Davy subsp. trifoliata W.J.de Wilde, endemic
  • Adenia glauca Schinz, indigenous
  • Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms, indigenous
  • Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms var. gummifera, indigenous
  • Adenia hastata (Harv.) Schinz, indigenous
    • Adenia hastata (Harv.) Schinz var. glandulifera W.J.de Wilde, indigenous
    • Adenia hastata (Harv.) Schinz var. hastata, indigenous
  • Adenia natalensis W.J.de Wilde, endemic
  • Adenia repanda (Burch.) Engl. indigenous
  • Adenia spinosa Burtt Davy, indigenous
  • Adenia wilmsii Harms, endemic

Basananthe edit

Genus Basananthe:[7]

  • Basananthe pedata (Baker f.) W.J.de Wilde, indigenous
  • Basananthe polygaloides (Hutch. & K.Pearce) W.J.de Wilde, endemic
  • Basananthe sandersonii (Harv.) W.J.de Wilde, indigenous
  • Basananthe triloba (Bolus) W.J.de Wilde, indigenous

Paropsia edit

Genus Paropsia:[7]

  • Paropsia braunii Gilg, indigenous

Passiflora edit

Genus Passiflora:[7]

Schlechterina edit

Genus Schlechterina:[7]

Phyllanthaceae edit

Family: Phyllanthaceae,[7]

Andrachne edit

Genus Andrachne:[7]

Antidesma edit

Genus Antidesma:[7]

Bridelia edit

Genus Bridelia:[7]

  • Bridelia cathartica G.Bertol. indigenous
    • Bridelia cathartica G.Bertol. subsp. cathartica, indigenous
    • Bridelia cathartica G.Bertol. var. melanthesoides forma melanthesoides, indigenous
  • Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. indigenous
  • Bridelia mollis Hutch. indigenous

Cleistanthus edit

Genus Cleistanthus:[7]

Flueggea edit

Genus Flueggea:[7]

  • Flueggea verrucosa (Thunb.) G.L.Webster, endemic
  • Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Voigt, indigenous
    • Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Voigt subsp. virosa, indigenous

Heywoodia edit

Genus Heywoodia:[7]

Hymenocardia edit

Genus Hymenocardia:[7]

  • Hymenocardia ulmoides Oliv. indigenous
    • Hymenocardia ulmoides Oliv. var. capensis Pax, accepted as Hymenocardia ulmoides Oliv. indigenous

Lachnostylis edit

Genus Lachnostylis:[7]

  • Lachnostylis bilocularis R.A.Dyer, endemic
  • Lachnostylis hanekomii R.H.Archer & J.C.Manning, endemic
  • Lachnostylis hirta (L.f.) Mull.Arg. endemic

Margaritaria edit

Genus Margaritaria:[7]

  • Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) G.L.Webster, indigenous
    • Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) G.L.Webster var. fagifolia (Pax) Radcl.-Sm. indigenous
    • Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) G.L.Webster var. nitida (Pax) Radcl.-Sm. indigenous

Phyllanthus edit

Genus Phyllanthus:[7]

  • Phyllanthus asperulatus Hutch. indigenous
  • Phyllanthus burchellii Mull.Arg. accepted as Phyllanthus parvulus Sond. var. garipensis (E.Mey. ex Drege) Radcl.-Sm. present
  • Phyllanthus cedrelifolius I.Verd. accepted as Phyllanthus polyanthus Pax, present
  • Phyllanthus delagoensis Hutch. indigenous
  • Phyllanthus fraternus G.L.Webster, not indigenous, naturalised
  • Phyllanthus genistoides Sond. accepted as Phyllanthus incurvus Thunb. present
  • Phyllanthus glaucophyllus Sond. indigenous
  • Phyllanthus graminicola Hutch. ex S.Moore, indigenous
  • Phyllanthus heterophyllus E.Mey. ex Mull.Arg. indigenous
  • Phyllanthus incurvus Thunb. indigenous
  • Phyllanthus loandensis Welw. ex Mull.Arg. indigenous
  • Phyllanthus macranthus Pax, indigenous
    • Phyllanthus macranthus Pax var. macranthus, indigenous
  • Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L. indigenous
  • Phyllanthus meyerianus Mull.Arg. indigenous
  • Phyllanthus myrtaceus Sond. indigenous
  • Phyllanthus nummulariifolius Poir. indigenous
    • Phyllanthus nummulariifolius Poir. var. nummulariifolius, indigenous
  • Phyllanthus omahakensis Dinter & Pax, indigenous
  • Phyllanthus parvulus Sond. indigenous
    • Phyllanthus parvulus Sond. var. garipensis (E.Mey. ex Drege) Radcl.-Sm. indigenous
    • Phyllanthus parvulus Sond. var. parvulus, indigenous
  • Phyllanthus pentandrus Schumach. & Thonn. indigenous
  • Phyllanthus pinnatus (Wight) G.L.Webster, indigenous
  • Phyllanthus polyanthus Pax, indigenous
  • Phyllanthus polyspermus Schumach. indigenous
  • Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. indigenous
    • Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. var. reticulatus, indigenous
  • Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb. var. garipensis (E.Mey. ex Drege) Mull.Arg. accepted as Phyllanthus parvulus Sond. var. garipensis (E.Mey. ex Drege) Radcl.-Sm. present

Pseudolachnostylis edit

Genus Pseudolachnostylis:[7]

  • Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Pax, indigenous
    • Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Pax var. dekindtii (Pax) Radcl.-Sm. indigenous
    • Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Pax var. glabra (Pax) Brenan, indigenous

Picrodendraceae edit

Family: Picrodendraceae,[7]

Androstachys edit

Genus Androstachys:[7]

Hyaenanche edit

Genus Hyaenanche:[7]

Podostemaceae edit

Family: Podostemaceae,[7]

Leiothylax edit

Genus Leiothylax:[7]

Sphaerothylax edit

Genus Sphaerothylax:[7]

  • Sphaerothylax algiformis Bisch. ex C.Krauss, indigenous

Tristicha edit

Genus Tristicha:[7]

  • Tristicha trifaria (Bory ex Willd.) Spreng. indigenous
  • Tristicha trifaria (Bory ex Willd.) Spreng. subsp. trifaria, indigenous

Putranjivaceae edit

Family: Putranjivaceae,[7]

Drypetes edit

Genus Drypetes:[7]

  • Drypetes arguta (Mull.Arg.) Hutch. indigenous
  • Drypetes gerrardii Hutch. indigenous
    • Drypetes gerrardii Hutch. var. gerrardii, indigenous
    • Drypetes gerrardii Hutch. var. tomentosa Radcl.-Sm. indigenous
  • Drypetes mossambicensis Hutch. indigenous
  • Drypetes natalensis (Harv.) Hutch. indigenous
    • Drypetes natalensis (Harv.) Hutch. var. natalensis, indigenous
  • Drypetes reticulata Pax, indigenous

Rhizophoraceae edit

Family: Rhizophoraceae,[7]

Bruguiera edit

Genus Bruguiera:[7]

Cassipourea edit

Genus Cassipourea:[7]

Ceriops edit

Genus Ceriops:[7]

Rhizophora edit

Genus Rhizophora:[7]

Salicaceae edit

Family: Salicaceae,[7]

Casearia edit

Genus Casearia:[7]

Dovyalis edit

Genus Dovyalis:[7]

  • Dovyalis caffra (Hook.f. & Harv.) Warb. indigenous
  • Dovyalis longispina (Harv.) Warb. indigenous
  • Dovyalis lucida Sim, indigenous
  • Dovyalis revoluta J.E.Thom, accepted as Dovyalis zeyheri (Sond.) Warb. present
  • Dovyalis rhamnoides (Burch. ex DC.) Burch. & Harv. indigenous
  • Dovyalis rotundifolia (Thunb.) Thunb. & Harv. endemic
  • Dovyalis zeyheri (Sond.) Warb. indigenous

Flacourtia edit

Genus Flacourtia:[7]

Homalium edit

Genus Homalium:[7]

  • Homalium dentatum (Harv.) Warb. indigenous
  • Homalium rufescens Benth. endemic
  • Homalium subsuperum Sprague, accepted as Homalium dentatum (Harv.) Warb. present

Oncoba edit

Genus Oncoba:[7]

  • Oncoba spinosa Forssk. indigenous
    • Oncoba spinosa Forssk. subsp. spinosa, indigenous

Populus edit

Genus Populus:[7]

  • Populus alba L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
    • Populus alba L. var. alba, not indigenous, naturalised
  • Populus canescens (Aiton) Sm. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
  • Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marshall subsp. deltoides, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
  • Populus nigra L. not indigenous, naturalised
    • Populus nigra L. var. italica Munchh. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive

Pseudoscolopia edit

Genus Pseudoscolopia:[7]

Salix edit

Genus Salix:[7]

  • Salix babylonica L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
    • Salix babylonica L. var. babylonica, not indigenous, naturalised
  • Salix caprea L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
  • Salix mucronata Thunb. indigenous
    • Salix mucronata Thunb. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Immelman, accepted as Salix mucronata Thunb. subsp. mucronata, present
    • Salix mucronata Thunb. subsp. hirsuta (Thunb.) Immelman, endemic
    • Salix mucronata Thunb. subsp. mucronata, indigenous
    • Salix mucronata Thunb. subsp. wilmsii (Seemen) Immelman, accepted as Salix mucronata Thunb. subsp. woodii (Seemen) Immelman, present
    • Salix mucronata Thunb. subsp. woodii (Seemen) Immelman, indigenous
  • Salix subserrata Willd. accepted as Salix mucronata Thunb. subsp. subserrata (Willd.) R.H.Archer & Jordaan
  • Salix x fragilis L. var. fragilis, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive

Scolopia edit

Genus Scolopia:[7]

  • Scolopia flanaganii (Bolus) Sim, endemic
  • Scolopia mundii (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Warb. indigenous
  • Scolopia oreophila (Sleumer) Killick, endemic
  • Scolopia stolzii Gilg & Sleumer, indigenous
    • Scolopia stolzii Gilg & Sleumer var. stolzii, indigenous
  • Scolopia zeyheri (Nees) Harv. indigenous

Trimeria edit

Genus Trimeria:[7]

  • Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb. indigenous
    • Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb. subsp. grandifolia, indigenous
  • Trimeria trinervis Harv. endemic

Turneraceae edit

Family: Turneraceae,[7]

Afroqueta edit

Genus Afroqueta:[7]

Piriqueta edit

Genus Piriqueta:[7]

  • Piriqueta capensis (Harv.) Urb. accepted as Afroqueta capensis (Harv.) Thulin & Razafim. indigenous

Streptopetalum edit

Genus Streptopetalum:[7]

  • Streptopetalum serratum Hochst. indigenous

Tricliceras edit

Genus Tricliceras:[7]

  • Tricliceras glanduliferum (Klotzsch) R.Fern. indigenous
  • Tricliceras laceratum (Oberm.) Oberm. indigenous
  • Tricliceras longepedunculatum (Mast.) R.Fern. indigenous
    • Tricliceras longepedunculatum (Mast.) R.Fern. var. longepedunculatum, indigenous
  • Tricliceras mossambicense (A.Fern. & R.Fern.) R.Fern. indigenous
  • Tricliceras schinzii (Urb.) R.Fern. indigenous
    • Tricliceras schinzii (Urb.) R.Fern. subsp. schinzii var. juttae, indigenous
  • Tricliceras tanacetifolium (Klotzsch) R.Fern. indigenous

Violaceae edit

Family: Violaceae,[7]

Hybanthus edit

Genus Hybanthus:[7]

  • Hybanthus capensis (Thunb.) Engl. indigenous
  • Hybanthus densifolius Engl. indigenous
  • Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell. not indigenous, naturalised
    • Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell. var. caffer (Sond.) N.Robson, not indigenous, naturalised
    • Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell. var. enneaspermus, not indigenous, naturalised
    • Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell. var. serratus Engl. not indigenous, naturalised
  • Hybanthus parviflorus (L.f.) Baill. not indigenous, naturalised

Rinorea edit

Genus Rinorea:[7]

  • Rinorea angustifolia (Thouars) Baill. indigenous
    • Rinorea angustifolia (Thouars) Baill. subsp. natalensis (Engl.) Grey-Wilson, indigenous
  • Rinorea domatiosa A.E.van Wyk, endemic
  • Rinorea ilicifolia (Welw. ex Oliv.) Kuntze, indigenous
    • Rinorea ilicifolia (Welw. ex Oliv.) Kuntze subsp. ilicifolia, indigenous
    • Rinorea ilicifolia (Welw. ex Oliv.) Kuntze subsp. ilicifolia var. ilicifolia, indigenous

Viola edit

Genus Viola:[7]

References edit

  1. ^ Endress, Peter K.; Davis, Charles C.; Matthews, Merran L. (May 2013). "Advances in the floral structural characterization of the major subclades of Malpighiales, one of the largest orders of flowering plants". Annals of Botany. 111 (5): 969–985. doi:10.1093/aob/mct056. PMC 3631340.
  2. ^ Stevens, P.F. (2020) [2001]. "Malpighiales". AP Web v. 14. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  3. ^ Magallón, Susana; Castillo, Amanda (2009). "Angiosperm diversification through time". American Journal of Botany. 96 (1): 349–365. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800060. PMID 21628193.
  4. ^ Doyle, J. A.; Donoghue, M. J. (1986). "Seed plant phylogeny and the origin of the angiosperms - an experimental cladistic approach". Botanical Review. 52 (4): 321–431. doi:10.1007/bf02861082.
  5. ^ Butler, Rhett A. (1 July 2019). "Total number of plant species by country". Mongabay. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  6. ^ "Vegetation of South Africa". PlantZAfrica.com. SA National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec "species_checklist_20180710.csv". South African National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 27 September 2020.

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