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List of Mars landers

Summary

The following table is a list of successful and unsuccessful Mars landers. As of 2022, 21 lander missions and 8 sub-landers (Rovers and Penetrators) attempted to land on Mars. Of 21 landers, the Curiosity rover, Perseverance rover, and Tianwen-1 are currently in operation on Mars.

Mars landers edit

List of Mars landers
S.No Landers Launch date Landing date Mass (kg)[1] Landing site Region Status Country MOLA Entry velocity References
1. Mars 2MV-3 No.1 04 Nov 1962 25 Nov 1962 890 - - Failure   Soviet Union - - [2]
2. Mars 2 19 May 1971 27 Nov 1971 1210 45°S 47°E♦ - Failure   Soviet Union - - [3][4]
3. Mars 3 28 May 1971 02 Dec 1971 1210 45°S 202°E♦ Sirenum Terra Partial success   Soviet Union - 5.7 km/sec [5][4]
4. Mars 6 05 Aug 1973 12 Mar 1974 635 23.90°S 19.4°W Margaritifer Terra Failure   Soviet Union - - [6][4]
5. Mars 7 09 Aug 1973 - 635 - - Failure   Soviet Union - - [7][4]
6. Viking 1 20 Aug 1975 20 Jul 1976 572 22.27°N 47.95°W Chryse Planitia Success   USA -3.5 4.61 km/sec [8]
7. Viking 2 09 Sep 1975 03 Sep 1976 572 47.64°N 225.71°W Utopia Planitia Success   USA -3.5 4.61 km/sec [9]
8. Phobos 1§ 07 Jul 1988 - 2600† - - Failure   Soviet Union - - [10]
9. Phobos 2§ 12 Jul 1987 - 2600† - - Failure   Soviet Union - - [10]
10. Mars 96 16 Nov 1996 - 3159 - - Failure   Russia - - [11]
11. Mars Pathfinder 04 Dec 1996 04 Jul 1997 361 19°7′48″ N 33°18′12″W Ares Vallis Success   USA -2.5 7.26 km/sec [12][13]
12. Mars Polar Lander 03 Jan 1999 03 Dec 1999 583 76°S 195°W Ultimi Scopuli Failure   USA -3.0 6.91 km/sec [14][15]
13. Beagle 2 02 Jun 2003 25 Dec 2003 33.2 11.5265°N 90.4295°E Isidis Planitia Failure   United Kingdom - 5.63 km/sec [16][17]
14. Spirit rover 10 Jun 2003 4 Jan 2004 174 14.5684°S 175.4726°E Gusev Crater Success   USA -1.9 5.4 km/sec [18][19][20]
15. Opportunity rover 07 Jul 2003 25 Jan 2004 174 1.9462°S 354.4743°E Meridiani Planum Success   USA -1.4 5.5 km/sec [18][21][20]
16. Phoenix lander 04 Aug 2007 25 May 2008 350 68.22°N 125.7°W Vastitas Borealis Success   USA -3.5 5.59 km/sec [12]
17. Curiosity rover 26 Nov 2011 6 Aug 2012 899 4.5895°S 137.4417°E Gale Crater Operational   USA 2.0 5.6 km/sec [22][23][20]
18. Schiaparelli EDM 14 Mar 2016 19 Oct 2016 577 2.052°S 6.208°W Meridiani Planum Failure  ESA/  Russia 1.45 5.83 km/sec [24]
19. InSight Mars Lander 5 May 2018 26 Nov 2018 727 4.5°N 135.9°E Elysium Planitia Success   USA -2.5 6.3 km/sec [25]
20. Perseverance rover 30 Jul 2020 18 Feb 2021 1,025 18.4447°N 77.4508°E Jezero crater Operational   USA - - [26]
21. Tianwen-1 23 July 2020 14 May 2021 240 25.1°N, 109.7°E Utopia Planitia Success   China - 4.8 km/sec [27]

§ - Spacecraft intended for Martian moons (Phobos and Deimos), †Entry Mass, ♦ Estimated, MOLA - Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter

List of sub-landers onboard Mars landers
S.No Sub-Landers Type Lander Slot Launch Date Mass (kg) Status References
1. PrOP-M Rover Mars 2 19 May 1971 4.5 Failure [3][4]
2. PrOP-M Rover Mars 3 28 May 1971 4.5 Not deployed [4][5]
3. Mars 96 Penetrator Mars 96 16 Nov 1996 88 Failure [11]
4. Deep Space 2 Penetrator Mars Polar Lander 03 Jan 1999 2.4 Failure [14][15]
5. Sojourner Rover Mars Pathfinder 04 Dec 1996 11.5 Success [12][13]
6. Mars helicopter Ingenuity UAV Helicopter Mars 2020 Perseverance rover 30 Jul 2021 1.8 Success
7. Zhurong Rover Tianwen-1 23 Jul 2021 240 Success
8. Tianwen-1 Remote camera Camera Zhurong rover 1 June 2021 <1 Success

Future proposed Mars lander missions edit

List of future proposed Mars lander missions
Lander Proposed Launch Country Agency Type Sub-Lander References
Mars MetNet Precursor ? Finland FMI Impact Lander - [28]
Mars MetNet ? Finland FMI Multi-lander - [29]
Mars Lander 2045 South Korea KARI Lander - [30]
Icebreaker 2026 US NASA Lander - [31]
Martian Moons Exploration 2026 Japan JAXA Lander Sample Return [32]
Phootprint 2024 Europe ESA Lander Ascent Stage [33]
Fobos-Grunt (Repeat) 2024 Russia ROSCOSMOS Lander Ascent Stage [34]
Mars-Grunt 2024 Russia ROSCOSMOS Lander - [1]
BOLD 2020 US NASA Impact Lander 6-Impact Lander [35]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b M, Malaya Kumar Biswal; A, Ramesh Naidu (2018-08-23). "A Novel Entry, Descent and Landing Architecture for Mars Landers". arXiv:1809.00062 [physics.pop-ph].
  2. ^ Biswal.m, Malaya Kumar; Annavarapu, Ramesh Naidu (2019). Comparative EDL Summary of Mars Landers (Report). doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.13568.07682.
  3. ^ a b "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Perminov, V. G. (1999). The difficult road to Mars: a brief history of Mars exploration in the Soviet Union.
  5. ^ a b "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  6. ^ "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  7. ^ "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  8. ^ "Viking 1 Lander". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  9. ^ "Viking 2 Lander". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  10. ^ a b "Phobos Project Information". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  11. ^ a b Marov, Mikhail Ya; Huntress, Wesley T. (2011), "The last gasp: Mars-96", Soviet Robots in the Solar System, Springer Praxis Books, Springer, New York, NY, pp. 387–405, doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7898-1_20, ISBN 9781441978974
  12. ^ a b c Shevalev, I. L.; Huntress, W. T.; Moroz, V. I. (2002-09-01). "Planetary Missions of the 20th Century*". Cosmic Research. 40 (5): 419–445. doi:10.1023/A:1020690700050. S2CID 117853853.
  13. ^ a b Nilsen, E. N. (2012). Exploring Mars: an overview
  14. ^ a b Willcockson, William H. (1999). "Mars Pathfinder Heatshield Design and Flight Experience". Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets. 36 (3): 374–379. Bibcode:1999JSpRo..36..374W. doi:10.2514/2.3456.
  15. ^ a b "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  16. ^ Lindstrand, Per (2003). "Parachute Subsystems for the Beagle 2 Mars Lander Entry Descent and Landing Systems". 44th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. doi:10.2514/6.2003-1902. ISBN 978-1-62410-100-7.
  17. ^ Linkin, V.; et al. (1998-06-01). "A sophisticated lander for scientific exploration of Mars: scientific objectives and implementation of the Mars-96 Small Station". Planetary and Space Science. 46 (6–7): 717–737. Bibcode:1998P&SS...46..717L. doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(98)00008-7. PMID 11541818.
  18. ^ a b mars.nasa.gov. "Newsroom". mars.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
  19. ^ "GeoHack - Spirit rover". geohack.toolforge.org. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
  20. ^ a b c Mars Exploration Entry, Descent and Landing Challenges (gatech.edu)
  21. ^ "GeoHack - Opportunity rover". geohack.toolforge.org. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
  22. ^ mars.nasa.gov. "Summary | Rover". NASA’s Mars Exploration Program. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
  23. ^ mars.nasa.gov. "News". NASA’s Mars Exploration Program. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
  24. ^ "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  25. ^ Greicius, Tony (2015-02-23). "InSight Mars Lander | Missions". NASA. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  26. ^ "Mission Overview". NASA Mars. NASA. Archived from the original on 2022-04-10. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
  27. ^ @sklplanets (May 15, 2021). "Succesful [sic] landing of #Tianwen1, on #Mars! Landing point: 109.7 E, 25.1 N, less than 40 km from target location in Utopia Planitia. More details expected later!" (Tweet). Retrieved 2021-05-15 – via Twitter.
  28. ^ Harri, A.-M.; et al. (2008). "MMPM - Mars MetNet Precursor Mission". European Planetary Science Congress 2008, Proceedings of the conference held 21-25 September, 2008 in Münster, Germany. p. 361. Bibcode:2008epsc.conf..361H.
  29. ^ Landis, Geoffrey; Oleson, Steven; McGuire, Melissa (2012). "Design Study for a Mars Geyser Hopper". 50th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. doi:10.2514/6.2012-631. hdl:2060/20120004036. ISBN 978-1-60086-936-5.
  30. ^ Park, Si-soo (19 November 2022). "South Korean leader eyes "landing on moon in 2032, Mars in 2045". SpaceNews.
  31. ^ McKay, Christopher P.; Stoker, Carol R.; Glass, Brian J.; Davé, Arwen I.; Davila, Alfonso F.; Heldmann, Jennifer L.; Marinova, Margarita M.; Fairen, Alberto G.; Quinn, Richard C.; Zacny, Kris A.; Paulsen, Gale; Smith, Peter H.; Parro, Victor; Andersen, Dale T.; Hecht, Michael H.; Lacelle, Denis; Pollard, Wayne H. (2013). "The Icebreaker Life Mission to Mars: A Search for Biomolecular Evidence for Life". Astrobiology. 13 (4): 334–353. Bibcode:2013AsBio..13..334M. doi:10.1089/ast.2012.0878. PMID 23560417.
  32. ^ Miyamoto, Hirdly (17 March 2016). "Japanese mission of the two moons of Mars with sample return from Phobos" (PDF). NASA MEPAG. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  33. ^ Galimov, E. M. (2010-02-01). "Phobos sample return mission: Scientific substantiation". Solar System Research. 44 (1): 5–14. Bibcode:2010SoSyR..44....5G. doi:10.1134/S0038094610010028. S2CID 124416846.
  34. ^ Zelenyi, L.; Zakharov, A.; Polischuk, G.; Pichkhadze, K.; Akim, E.; Hirahara, Masfumi; Miyoshi, Yoshizumi; Terada, Naoki; Mukai, Toshifumi (2009). "Phobos Sample Return mission". AIP Conference Proceedings. 1144 (1): 128–137. Bibcode:2009AIPC.1144..128Z. doi:10.1063/1.3169276.
  35. ^ Schulze-Makuch, Dirk; Head, James N.; Houtkooper, Joop M.; Knoblauch, Michael; Furfaro, Roberto; Fink, Wolfgang; Fairén, Alberto G.; Vali, Hojatollah; Kelly Sears, S.; Daly, Mike; Deamer, David; Schmidt, Holger; Hawkins, Aaron R.; Sun, Henry J.; Lim, Darlene S.S.; Dohm, James; Irwin, Louis N.; Davila, Alfonso F.; Mendez, Abel; Andersen, Dale (2012). "The Biological Oxidant and Life Detection (BOLD) mission: A proposal for a mission to Mars". Planetary and Space Science. 67 (1): 57–69. Bibcode:2012P&SS...67...57S. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2012.03.008.

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